1. AHSGE Quick Facts

2. Wars: French and Indian War
AKA: Seven Years War
Who: British and Colonists vs. French and Natives
When:
Ended: Treaty of Paris 1763
Result: British won but heavy debt caused by the war forced the British to tax the colonist heavily.

3. Wars: Revolutionary War
Who: British vs. American Colonies
When:
Major Generals: George Washington (Americas)
Ended: Treaty of Paris 1783
Result: Won by colonist, gave America its independence.
Key Battles: Lexington and Concord(1st battle); Bunker Hill (won by British but Brits suffered huge losses); Saratoga (turning point); Yorktown (final battle)

4. War of 1812 Who: U.S. vs. British When: 1812-1814
U. S. President during war: James Madison
Major General: Andrew Jackson (U.S.)
Ended by: Treaty of Ghent
Result: No one won the war, even though it was a moral victory for the United States and started strong feelings of nationalism.
Horseshoe Bend (ended creek war, Jackson defeated Tecumseh) ; Fort McHenry (Star Spangled Banner, Francis Scott Key); New Orleans (occurred after the war)

5. Mexican War Who: U.S. vs. Mexico When: 1846-1848
James K. Polk was U.S. President during war
Major Generals: Zachary Taylor (U.S.); Santa Anna (Mexico)
Ended: Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo
Result: U.S. gained California and new Mexico, which completed the country’s goal of Manifest Destiny.

6. Civil War
Who: U.S. of America (North or Union) vs. Confederate States of America (South or confederacy)
When:
U.S. President during war: Abe Lincoln
Confederate President during war: Jefferson Davis
Major Generals: US- Grant and Sherman; CSA- Lee and “Stonewall” Jackson
Ended: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox court house
Results: Slavery ended and union preserved
Key Battles: Sumter (started the war); First Bull Run (Mannassas won by CSA); Shiloh (20,000 killed w/no winner); Antietam )bloodiest battle of the war); Vicksburg (south lost control of the Mississippi); Gettysburg (turning point); Mobile Bay; Sherman’s March (included the burning of Atlanta)

7. Spanish American War
Who: US vs. Spain in the Caribbean and the Phillipines
When: 1898
US President during war: William McKinley
Major soldiers: Theodore Roosevelt and his rough riders
Ended: Treaty w/ Spain in 1898
Results: US gained Phillipines, Puerto Rico and Guam and became a world power.

8. World War I AKA: The Great War
Who: Allies (Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain, United States) vs. Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)
When:
U.S. President During War: Woodrow Wilson
Ended: Treaty of Versailles
Events: AH archduke Franz Ferdinand killed by Serbian Gavrilo Princip; Lusitania sunk; Zimmerman note written
Results: Europe was restructured, Germany was restructured but would rebuild under Adolf Hitler, and the League of Nations was put into place, even though the U.S. wasn’t a part of it.

9. World War II
Who: Allies (Great Britain, France, USSR, US) vs. Axis Powers ( Germany, Italy, Japan)
When
US Presidents during war: FDR and Truman
Major Generals and leaders: European allied commander Eisenhower; Pacific Commander: Macarthur; GB Prime Minister: Churchill; USSR leader: Stalin; Italian leader: Mussolini; German leader Hitler; Japanese leader: Tojo
Ended: V-E day: Allied victory in Europe May 8, 1945; V-J Day Allied victory in Japan Aug. 14, 1945

10. WWII Continued
Major Battles: D-Day: allied liberation of France in Normandy; Atomic bomb used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki on Aug. 6th and 9th, 1945 by U.S. on Japan; Dec Japan invades Pearl Harbor
Results: Introduced weapons of mass destruction; Split Germany; introduced United Nations

11. AHSGE Standard I
Crusades: European movement that resulted in exposure to Middle Eastern and Asian goods after a failed attempt to take away the Holy Lands from the Muslims.
Renaissance: European movement that resulted in new art, technology, and a return to classical thought.
Reformation: Movement in Europe that resulted in the rise of the protestant religion; Led by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses.
Columbian Exchange: Global transfer of food, plants, animals, and disease after the colonization of the Americas.

12. AHSGE Standard I
Conquistadors: Spanish explorers that sought God, Gold, and Glory.
St. Augustine: 1st American settlement by Europeans.
Jamestown: 1st successful English settlement in the new world; 1607
House of Burgesses: Legislature of the Virginia colony; 1st representative government in the New World.
Taxation: Main reason the American colonies protested against British rule.

13. AHSGE Standard I
French and Indian War: War that was responsible for forcing the English to tax the colonies, leading to the Revolutionary war.
Navigation Acts: Acts passed by George III to monitor trade in and out of the colonies.
Boston Massacre: Attack that occurred in Boston in 1770 resulting in 5 colonist being shot and killed by British troops.

14. AHSGE Standard I
Boston Tea Party: Protest by Bostonians in 1773 in reaction to the British passage of the Tea Act; This act was staged by the Sons of Liberty led by Samuel Adams.
Lexington and Concord: 1st battle of the American Revolution.

15. AHSGE Standard II
Magna Carta: Famous English document signed in 1215 by John I was the beginning point for representative government and protection of individual rights in England.
Social Contract Theory: Thomas Hobbes theory that was used by Jefferson while writing the Declaration of Independence that allows a single ruler to be in charge to maintain order.
John Locke: English philosopher that influenced Jefferson when writing the Declaration of Independence; felt people shouldn’t give up natural rights for their freedom.

16. AHSGE Standard II
Montesquieu: French philosopher that came up with separation of powers.
Three Branch System
Checks and Balances
Great Awakening: Religious movement of increased activity that occurred in the colonies in the 1730’s and 1740’s.
First Continental Congress: Meeting in Philadelphia called to discuss the unfair treatment of the colonies by Great Britain; Attended by 12 of the 13 colonies.
Second Continental Congress: Meeting called by the colonist in reaction to GB ignoring the 1st CC; Sent the Olive Branch Petition; Wrote the Declaration of Independence.

17. AHSGE Standard II
Declaration of Independence: Document written by Thomas Jefferson informing GB of colonial independence.
Articles of Confederation: The 1st body of laws that governed the U.S.; Created a loose confederacy.
Constitutional Convention: Convention held to replace the Articles of Confederation and create a more centralized government and a federal system.

18. AHSGE Standard II
Great Compromise: Agreement that the U.S. would have two houses in Congress
Three Fifths Compromise: Solution for counting slaves for representation purposes.
Federalism: The idea of sharing power between the national and the state governments.
Preamble: Opening paragraph of the constitution.
Elastic Clause: Idea that Congress has a broad range of power with a great deal of flexibility.

19. AHSGE Standard II 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment: Guarantees protection of the law for all citizens.
15th Amendment: Gave the right to vote to African American males.
19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote.
Federalist Papers: Papers written by Jay, Hamilton, and Madison encouraging the passage of the Constitution.
Bill of Rights: 1st ten amendments of the constitution that were written to protect your individual rights.
Federalist: Supported the constitution as is.
Anti-Federalist or Democrat-Republicans: Supported the constitution only if it contained a Bill of Rights.

20. AHSGE Standard II
Alexander Hamilton: Developed an economic plan for the U.S. during the 1790’s.
George Washington: Led 1st colonial army; 1st president of U.S.; Warned Americans about competing political parties in his farewell address.
John Marshall: Served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years (longest term ever) and helped shape our national government; Declared that Supreme Court has the power of judicial review.
Marbury vs. Madison: Supreme court case that established Judicial Review.

21. Standard III
Boston Tea Party: Reaction of colonial group the sons of liberty led by Samuel Adams to the Tea Act; This bill resulted in the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts passed by the British Parliament.
Olive Branch Petition: Document sent by the colonist to George II of GB as a final attempt at peace by the colonist in 1775.
Patrick Henry: Revolutionary that gave the famous speech “give me liberty or give me death.”
Paul Revere: Made the famous ride warning the colonist that the Redcoats were coming.

22. Standard III
Saratoga: Turning point of the Revolutionary War; Resulted in France becoming an ally.
Valley Forge: Place where Washington’s troops camped during the harsh winter of during the Revolutionary War.
Yorktown: Last major battle of the Revolutionary War; Cornwallis surrendered to Washington.
Treaty of Paris 1783: Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War; U.S. gained its independence because of this treaty.

23. Standard III
War of 1812: U.S. defeated Great Britain in a final attempt to regain U.S. territory.
Embargo Act: Law passed by Jefferson that disallowed U.S. to trade with other nations; led to War of 1812.
Impressment: Act of the British Navy forcing Americans into service.
Land Ordinance of 1785: Divided old Northwest Territory into townships.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: disallowed slavery in the old northwest.

24. Standard III
Louisiana Purchase: Land bought by the U.S. from France for 15 mil. In 1803; Jefferson responsible for purchase; doubled the size of the U.S.
Lewis and Clark: Explorers hired by Jefferson to explore the western U.S.
Era of Good Feelings: Prosperous times post War of 1812; one political party.
Alabama: Became a U.S. state in the year 1819.
Missouri Compromise: Congressional agreement that allowed Missouri to become a slave state and Maine to become a free state.

25. Standard III
Monroe Doctrine: American foreign policy that was passed in 1823 and forbade European colonization in the Americas.
Indian Removal Act: The law that forced the five native southeast tribes to evacuate to the west to live on reservations; Occurred during Jackson’s tenure.
Trail of Tears: Event instated by the U.S. gov’t that forced the Cherokee Indians to march at gunpoint from Ga. To Ok.

26. Standard III Four major trails used by the settlers in western U.S.
Santa Fe: Commercial and Military route
Oregon: Migratory Route
Mormon: Western Trail used by Mormon Church
California: Migratory route to gold mines
Texas Independence: Gained from Mexico in 1836 and later joined the U.S.
Manifest Destiny: Idea that the United States should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

27. Standard III
Mexican War: U.S. vs. Mexico; U.S. acquired California and New Mexico territories.
Seneca Falls Convention: 1st major womens rights convention held in the U.S.; Led by Elisabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
The Liberator: Abolitionist literature produced by William Lloyd Garrison
The North Star: Abolitionist literature produced by Frederick Douglass
Underground Railroad: System set up by abolitionist to help slaves escape to freedom.
Harriet Tubman : Black woman who used the underground railroad to liberate hundreds of slaves.

28. Standard III
Dorothea Dix: Led prison reform movement in the U.S.; fought for reform in the mental health system.
Horace Mann: Led the educational reform movement in the U.S. in the 1800’s.
Utopian Societies: Communities developed which tried to make a perfect society.
Joseph Smith: founded the Mormon faith.
Brigham Young: Led the Mormons to Utah.
Ft. McHenry: War of 1812 battle that resulted in the protection of Baltimore and the inspiration for Francis Scott Key’s “Star Spangled Banner”

29. Standard III
Horseshoe Bend: War of 1812 battle where Jackson defeated the Creek Indians in Al.
New Orleans: War of 1812 battle where Jackson defeated the British after a truce had been called.
Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme court case (under Marshall) which insured that national government controlled interstate commerce.
McCulloch v. Maryland: Supreme court case (under Marshall) which insured that the national bank was constitutional.

30. Standard III
Andrew Jackson: President that established the spoils system.
Spoils System: Practice where a political party gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit.
Nullification Crisis: South Carolina’s attempt to void the Tariff of 1832.
Transcendentalism: Group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century; Whitman, Emerson, and Thoreau

31. Standard IV
Compromise of 1850: Congressional solution that made California a free state and gave popular sovereignty to the New Mexico and Utah territories.
Popular Sovereignty: Belief that the laws of a state should be determined by the citizens of that state.
Fugitive Slave Law: Part of Compromise of 1850 that mandated the return of escaped slaves; this provision angered the northerners.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: Act supported by Stephen Douglas that gave popular sovereignty to the Kansas and Nebraska territories.

32. Standard IV
Republican Party: Political party formed in the 1850’s that supported the anti-slavery platform; also known as the party of Lincoln.
Dred Scott Decision: Famous case that upheld the right of slave owners as property holders and disallowed slaves to file court cases.
John Brown: Led an unsuccessful raid at Harper’s Ferry arsenal in an attempt to end slavery by any means.
Abe Lincoln: 16th President; Won election of 1860; President during Civil War; Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth; Responsible for Emancipation Proclamation

33. Standard IV South Carolina: 1st state to secede from the union.
Winston County: Alabama county that never seceded from the union.
Virginia: State that split over the decision to secede and eventually became two states.
54th Massachusetts: Most famous black military units to fight in the Civil War.
Homestead Act: Act passes to encourage settlement in the west; passed during the Civil War.
Morill Land Grant Act: Act passed during the Civil War that granted large areas of land to the states from the federal government.

34. Standard IV
Emancipation Proclamation: Act passed by Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863 that granted freedom to all slaves.
Writ of Habeas Corpus: A person’s right to know for what they are being detained; this right was suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.
Bull Run: 1st major battle of the Civil War.
Antietam: Bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
Gettysburg: Major defeat of Lee and the South in Pennsylvania.
Vicksburg: Major battle in Mississippi that resulted in a complete blockade of the south by the Union.

35. Standard IV
General Tecumseh Sherman: Union General that captured and burned Atlanta and continued southward to Savannah destroying everything in his path.
Gettysburg Address: Speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history. It was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Appomattox Court House: Location of Lee’s surrender to Grant thus ending the Civil War.
Reconstruction: Program initiated to return southern states to the Union, rebuild the South’s infrastructure, and protect the rights of the free blacks.
Black Codes: Laws passed by southern states in an attempt to undermine the Union.

36. Standard IV
Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the south after the Civil War, voted Republican, and were scorned by southerners.
Scalawags: Southerners who voted republican after the Civil War and helped the northern Reconstruction effort.
Ulysses Grant: President during reconstruction; remembered as being very corrupt.
Jim Crow Laws: Laws passed in southern states after reconstruction that stripped African Americans of basic rights like voting.
Tenant Farming: Farming method after the Civil War where farmers rented land to grow crops.
Sharecropping: Farming where farmers were forced to share crops with landowners.

37. Standard V