1. PSYCHOLOGY:

2. PERSONALITY DEFINED
Personality is the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person
Personality traits are characteristic behaviors and feelings that are consistent and long lasting
Personality States are temporary patterns of behavior and feelings that may arise in a specific situation
Personality is a construct, like consciousness.

5. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
Emphasize the unconscious (part of the mind that contains material we are unaware of but that strongly influences behavior)
Unconscious feelings as children = impact
adulthood
Main ideas developed by Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis involves analyzing thoughts and feelings to reveal what is going on beneath the surface (unconscious)

7. FREUD’S ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to explain how the mind functions and personality is shaped

9. Id instinctual & biological urges
lustful, impulsive, fun – pleasure principle
completely unconscious
Seeks immediate gratification of impulses (what feels good)
Ignores consequences
Following the pleasure principle (ID) leads to conflict with others (parents) and results in the development of the EGO in the 2nd and 3rd year of life.

10. Ego Rational & thoughtful
Based on the reality principle, the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world.

11. Superego
Responsible for society’s rules of behavior (moral standards). Feels guilty if rules are disobeyed.
Based on morality principle, must follow moral standards and rules and breaking them causes guilt.
Ask students what would happen to a person with a weak superego? Possible answers – no stopping id, self-centered, only worry about their own needs
Ask students what would happen to a person with a strong superego? Possible answers – driven by morals and guilt, just thinking bad thoughts would cause guilt and stress
The superego is like the “angel” or police force.
The superego would let us die rather than break a rule.
Superego: internalized societal and parental standards of "good" and "bad" and "right" and "wrong" behaviour.
By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops.  The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers

12. ID & SUPEREGO are frequently in conflict. Ego must satisfy both.
ID – What you WANT TO DO
EGO – What you CAN DO
SUPEREGO – What you SHOULD DO
ID & SUPEREGO are frequently in conflict. Ego must satisfy both.
Rather than feel conflict or frustration when the ID’s desires & SUPEREGO’s rules cannot be satisfied, humans distort reality using DEFENSE MECHANISMS

14. Freud’s techniques for exploring the Unconscious
Freud believed that information in the unconscious emerges in slips of the tongue, jokes, dreams, illness symptoms, etc. These are called Freudian Slips.
Dream interpretation, or analyzing dreams
Psychoanalysis

15. Psychosexual Development
Freud’s Theory of
Psychosexual Development
Freud believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges. In learning to control these impulses, children acquire their personality. Freud divided this development into stages.

26. FREUD’S LEGACY
1ST Person to propose unified theory to understand and explain human behavior
No theory more complete, complex, or controversial
Some criticize his theory for being impossible to test
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the predecessor of all later personality theories

27. OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
IN FREUD’S FOOTSTEPS….
OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
Carl Jung
Freud’s personal successor before relationship ended because Jung disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sexual urges
The Collective unconscious (part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people) holds Archetypes (an inherited idea based on experiences of one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s personality)
Jung believed we fit our personalities to our Archetypes
Jung began to separate from Freudian theory, rejecting Freud's emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation
Personal unconscious – repressed feelings and thoughts developed during life
Jung believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. Jung believed the collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species.

31. ALFRED ADLER
Believed people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority
Inferiority Complex – when a person continually tries to compensate for his weakness and avoid feelings of inadequacy
Believed in people’s drive for perfection.
For those of us who strive to be accomplished writers, powerful business people, or influential politicians, it is because of our feelings of inferiority and a strong need to over come this negative part of us according to Adler.  This excessive feeling of inferiority can also have the opposite effect.  As it becomes overwhelming and without the needed successes, we can develop an inferiority complex.  This belief leaves us with feeling incredibly less important and deserving than others, helpless, hopeless, and unmotivated to strive for the superiority that would make us complete.

32. Adler: a single "drive" or motivating force lies behind all our behavior and experience.
Adler: called that motivating force the striving for perfection.
Striving for perfection: the desire we all have to fulfill our potentials, to come closer and closer to our ideal.
Striving for perfection: similar to the more popular idea of self-actualization

33. CARL ROGERS
Two sides to each person (What they value and what they believe others value in them)
Self – one’s image of oneself (who they are) developed through interaction with others
Everyone wants Positive regard – viewing oneself in favorable light due to supportive feedback from others
People may reject parts of their person if they don’t receive positive regard
The self and the person are often different but accepting your person results in becoming a fully functioning individual

34. TRAIT THEORIES
Try to explain consistency and normal, healthy behavior in different situations
Trait - relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way
Humanistic Psychology gets its name from its belief in the basic goodness and respect of humankind
Traits apply to all people.
Can quantify traits (scale 1-10 how nice are you)

35. BIG FIVE TRAIT THEORY
Current popular belief; all personality traits derive from five basic personality traits
EXTRAVERSION
AGREEABLENESS
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
NEUROTICISM

36. O C E A N penness xtraversion euroticism greeableness onscientiousness
This is an example of a mnemonic device used to help remember (retrieval)

37. How/When do personality traits change?
Longitudinal studies show that…
Many consistencies in traits between ages 3 and 18
Major changes to emotional traits during adolescence
Between 20 & 30 – become less emotional, less likely to seek thrills….. More mature
Most changes to personality occur before age 30

38. PERSONALITY TESTS – WHY?
Personality Tests ASSESS an individual’s CHARACTERISTICS and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can help PREDICT future behavior.

39. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
A limited- or –forced choice test in which a person must select on of several answers
MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) –
Most widely used objective test
567 questions divided into groups. People answer true, false, cannot say.
Originally to help diagnose mental disorders
MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test –
Rate personality on four scales
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Intuition vs. Sensing
Feeling vs. Thinking
Judging vs. Perceiving

40. PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
Require subjects to respond to pictures and phrases that can be interpreted in many different ways.
Rorschach Test – series of ten inkblots that subjects look at and determine what they see. Most widely used.
The Rorschach is currently the second most commonly used test in forensic assessment, after the MMPI
Originally created by Hermann Rorschach in 1921, the scoring system was improved after his death
What do you see in this picture?
(TAT) Thematic Apperception Test – series of pictures containing a variety of vague but suggestive scenes. 2nd most widely used

41. RELIABILITY vs. VALIDITY
Reliability: Test consistency; its ability to yield the same result under a variety of similar circumstances.
Validity: Test measures what it is intended to measure.

42. How/When do personality traits change?
Longitudinal studies show that…
Many consistencies in traits between ages 3 and 18
Major changes to emotional traits during adolescence
Between 20 & 30 – become less emotional, less likely to seek thrills….. More mature
Most changes to personality occur before age 30

43. PERSONALITY TESTS – WHY?
Personality Tests ASSESS an individual’s CHARACTERISTICS and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can help PREDICT future behavior.

44. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
A limited- or –forced choice test in which a person must select on of several answers
MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) –
Most widely used objective test
567 questions divided into groups. People answer true, false, cannot say.
Originally to help diagnose mental disorders
MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test –
Rate personality on four scales
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Intuition vs. Sensing
Feeling vs. Thinking
Judging vs. Perceiving