1. Politics of the Roaring Twenties
Chapter 12

2. CHAPTER 12 Section 1 Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues
MAIN IDEA:
A desire for normality after the war and a fear of communism and “foreigners” led to postwar isolationism

3. Post War Issues Post War Trends:
Nativism- prejudice against foreign-born people
Isolationism- policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs
Fear of Communism
Communism- economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship

4. POSTWAR TRENDS Public exhausted
Debate over League of Nations divided America
Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took their old jobs from women and minorities
Cost of living doubled
Farmers and factory workers suffered as wartime orders diminished

5. Post War Trends Palmer Raids Bombs mailed to government
U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer & J. Edgar Hoover hunted for communists, socialists and anarchists
ANARCHIST- People who opposed any form of government
Trampled people’s rights, invaded homes, jailed without legal counsel

6. Post War Trends Sacco and Vanzetti Italian immigrants Anarchists
Evaded draft during WWI
Arrested and charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster
Found guilty and sentenced to die
1961 ballistic tests showed the pistol found on Sacco was the one used in the murder but no proof that Sacco pulled the trigger

7. Limiting Immigration “Keep America for Americans”
The Klan Rises Again: 100% Americans and liked no one else the Klan had 4.5 Million members. Klan dominated state Politics but decreased in power by 1930
The Quota System- B/t the number of immigrants had grown 600%.
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921: System established a maximum number of people who could enter the US (max number 150,000 per year)

8. A Time of Labor Unrest
During war strikes were limited b/c they disrupt production
Employers did not want to give raises
4 million walked off the job
BOSTON POLICE STRIKE- police had not been given a raise since beginning of WWI
Denied right to unionize
When asked for a raise=fired
Coolidge declared no right to strike
New officers were hired

9. The Steel Mill Strike
Workers wanted shorter working hours, better wages, the right to unionize, and collective bargaining rights.
September 29th Steel Corporation refused to meet with Union reps and 300,000 workers walked off.
Hired strike breakers but ended in a deadlock and Wilson made a written plea to negotiators.
Strike ended 1920 and steel companies agreed to an 8 hour work day but workers remained without a union.

10. The Coal Miners Strike
John L Lewis- leader of United Mine Workers (UMW) proposed higher wages and shorter work days and went on strike
Wilson appointed an judge to put an end to the dispute and the coal miners received a 27% increase in wages but not a shorter workday.
John L Lewis became a national hero!

11. Labor Movement Loses Appeal
1920s hurt the labor movement badly
Union membership declined by 1.5 million members
Immigrant willing to work in harsh conditions
Language barriers with in Unions and organization
Farmers used to relying on themselves when moved to work in the factory in the city
Most Unions excluded African Americans

12. Section 2:THE HARDING PRESIDENCY
MAIN IDEA:
The Harding administration appealed to America’s desire for calm and peace after the war, but resulted in scandal

13. Section 2: The Harding Presidency
Warren G Harding was described as a good-natured man who “looked like a president ought to look”.
Harding struggles for Peace:
Problems surfaced relating to arms control, war debts, and the reconstruction of war torn countries

14. Washington Naval Conference
Charles Evans Hughes: Sectary of State urged that no more warships be built for 10 years.
Russia was left out of conference because of Communist Government
The five major Naval Powers (Italy, United States, France, Great Britain, and Japan) scrap many of their largest warships
Kellogg Briand pact- pact renouncing war as a national policy
15 countries signed but it was futile and provided no means of enforcement

15. High Tariffs and Reparations
France and Britain owed US 10 Billion dollars
1922- Fordney-McCumber Tariff- raised taxes on imports to 60% (highest ever)
France turned to Germany to give them money and when that failed Charles Dawes sent out negotiation loans to avoid world conflicts

16. Scandal Hits Harding’s Administration
Hardings OHIO GANG (Poker-playing buddies) were in the cabinet
Harding did not understand the issues so his administration and friends were corrupt.
Charles R Forbes (head of Veterans Bureau was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies
Colonel Thomas W Miller (head of Office of Alien Property) was caught taking a bribe
THE TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL: Oil-rich lands set aside for the US Navy. Albert B Fall (Secretary of Interior) secretly leased the land to private oil companies and received more that 400,000$.
Shortly after Harding died of a heart attack or stroke Aug 2nd 1923!
The Public lost respect for the Republican Party and the Presidency

17. Section 3: The Business of America
American Industries Flourish:
New Inventions and Trends
Automobiles
Airplanes
Electrical appliances
Alternating Electrical Currrent
Modern Advertising
Installment Plan

18. Chapter 13 Section 1 Changing Ways of Life
MAIN IDEA
Americans experienced cultural conflicts as customs and values changed in the 1920s.

19. Rural and Urban Differences
Between , migration to the cities accelerated
“Cities were the place to be”
New York topped the list of big cities with a population of 5.6 million
Philadelphia nearly 2 million

20. CITY LIFE Life was different in cities than rural towns
The city was a world of competition and change
City dwellers tolerated drinking, gambling, and casual dating
Life was fast paced

21. THE PROHIBTION EXPERIMENT
18th Amendment: the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were legally prohibited
Reformers believed liquor to be:
1. the cause of corruption & crime
2. social problems
3. wife and child abuse
4. accidents on the job
Support for amendment came from the rural South and West

22. SPEAKEASIES
Speakeasies-to obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons and nightclubs
So called because when inside, one spoke quietly, or “easily” to avoid detection
Could be found in penthouses, offices, hardware stores, and tearooms
To get in you had to present a card or use a password

23. BOOTLEGGERS
Bootleggers-smuggled liquor in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies
People distilled their own alcohol in the home
Legally alcohol only allowed for medical purposes or religious purposes
Prohibition led to organized crime
Chicago/home of Al Capone
Bootlegging empire created over 60 million a year
Mid 1920’s 19% of Americans supported prohibition
18th Amendment remained until 1933; then overturned by the 21st Amendment

24. Science and Religion Clash
Fundamentalism- protestant movement grounded in literal (nonsymbolic) interpretation of the Bible
Fundamentalists believed that the Bible was inspired by God, therefore true
They rejected the theory of Evolution-Charles Darwin (humans evolved from apes)
They believed in the biblical creation that God made the world and all its forms in 6 days

25. SCOPES TRIAL
1925 Tennessee passed the nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) promised to defend any teacher who broke the law
John T. Scopes-young biology teacher challenged the law and was arrested

26. SCOPES TRIAL
ACLU hired Clarence Darrow (the most famous trial lawyer) to defend Scopes
William Jennings Bryan served as special prosecutor in the case
Scopes Trial was a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools
Scopes was found guilty
Fined $100

27. Section 2: The Twenties Woman
MAIN IDEA:
American women pursued new lifestyles and assumed new jobs and different roles in society during the 1920s.

28. Young Women Change the Rules
In the rebellious, pleasure loving atmosphere of the 1920s, many women began to assert their independence
Demanded the same freedoms as men
Rejected the values of the 19th century
FLAPPER- young women who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day
Close fitting felt hats, bright waistless dresses, skin toned stockings, sleek pumps, strings of beads, boyish bob haircuts

29. DOUBLE STANDARD Women became more assertive
Magazines & advertisements promoted the flapper
Flapper became more of an image of rebellious youth than reality
1920s morals loosened only so far
“Double Standard”-set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women; required women to observe stricter standards of behavior than men did

30. Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work
Booming industrial economy opened new work opportunities for women in offices, factories, & stores
Women were often replaced with men returning from war
College graduates returned to “women’s professions”; teachers, nurses, and librarians
By million women were earning wages but few rose to managerial jobs & still earned less than men

31. The Changing Family Birthrate dropped slightly in the 1920s
Birth control was more widely available
First birth control clinic 1916
Social and technological innovations simplified household chores
Stores had ready made clothes, sliced bread, and canned foods

32. Changing Family
Innovations freed housewives from traditional family responsibilities
Women were granted greater equality in marriage, based more on romance
Children spent time in school
Women adjusted to the changing roles but struggled with rebellious teens

33. Section 3: Education and Popular Culture
MAIN IDEA:
The mass media, movies, and spectator sports played important roles is creating the popular culture of the 1920s-a culture that many artists and writers criticized

34. EDUCATION BEFORE THE 1920s Enrollments- 1 million high school students
Types of Courses-high school courses centered to college bound students
Immigrants- Many immigrant students spoke some English (English and Irish)
Financing- costs doubled from

35. EDUCATION DURING THE 1920s Enrollments- 4 million high school students
Types of Courses-Catered to broad range of students including those interested in vocational training and home economics
Immigrants- Many spoke no English
Financing- Costs doubled again totaling $2.7 billion a year between 1926

36. MAGAZINES TIME (1923) READERS DIGEST (1922)
Circulation of 2 million each

37. RADIO Most powerful form of communication to emerge
KOKA-Pittsburgh-first commercial radio station, listeners tuned in for news, entertainment, and advertisements

38. MOVIES The Jazz Singer-1927 the first major movie with sound
Steamboat Willie- Walt Disney’s first animated film with sound (1928)
Movies called “talkies”

39. SPORTS Babe Ruth-record 60 homeruns in 1927
Jack Dempsey-heavyweight champ
Gertrude Ederle-at 19 became first woman to swim the English Channel
Andrew Foster-1920 founded the Negro National League; “The Father of Black Baseball”

40. Theater, Music and Art
Eugene O’Neill- Famous play The Hairy Ape; forced Americans to reflect upon modern isolationism, confusion and family conflict
George Gershwin-Concert Music Composer; influenced by Louis Armstrong and traditional music
Georgia O’Keeffe-produced intensely colored canvases that captured New York

41. Literature
Sinclair Lewis-first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature; novel Babbitt
F. Scott Fitzgerald-coined the term “Jazz Age”; The Great Gatsby (revealed the negative side of the period’s freedom, portraying wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lives
Edith Whatton-clash between traditional and modern values

42. Literature
Edna St. Vincent Millay-wrote poems celebrating youth and life
Ernest Hemingway-wounded in WWI; most well-known author; criticized the glorification of war
Introduced a simplified style of writing
T.S. Elliot-poem The Waste Land

43. CHARLES LINDBERGH
1st non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

44. Section 4: The Harlem Renaissance
Main Idea
African-American ideas, politics, art, literature, and music flourished in Harlem and elsewhere in the United States.

45. Organizations Marcus Garvey=Back to Africa Movement
NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People led by James Weldon Johnson and W.E. B. DuBoise fought for legislation to protect African American Rights (Antilynching organizations)
UNIA-Marcus Garvey- immigrant from Jamaica felt African Americans should build a separate society. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) 1 mil followers by Left behind powerful legacy
 Marcus Garvey=Back to Africa Movement

46. New York Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance- a literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture
-Claude McKay- Novelist poet, Jamaican Immigrant, verses urged
African American to resist prejudice and discrimination
-Langston Hughes- Best known African American Poet

47. Harlem Renaissance -Paul Robeson-dramatic actor (Othello)
-Louis Armstrong- Jazz musician (Henderson’s band of NY)
-Edward Kennedy “duke” Ellington- Jazz Pianist/composer
-Bessie Smith- female blues singer