1. Ch. 20 The Americans

2. Voter restlessness; an economic recession, Kennedy’s poise during the TV debate; Kennedy’s frankness about the religion issue; coming to the aid of Martin Luther King Jr.; his good looks and charisma; his well-organized campaign; the Kennedy’s family wealth Invaders killed or jailed; Kennedy embarrassed; a public relations triumph for Castro; ransom paid for release of invaders The Berlin Wall built; the flow of refugees reduced Khrushchev's prestige damaged; Kennedy criticized; Cuban exiles switched allegiance from the Democratic party to the G.O.P.; Castro banned flights between Cuba and Miami To enable U.S. and Soviet leader to communicate at once should another crisis arise. Ban the explosion of nuclear devices in the atmosphere Flexible response

3. Increased spending; engaged in deficit spending; lower taxes Congress increased defense spending, increased the minimum wage, extended unemployment insurance, provided assistance to cities with high unemployment Offered volunteer, economic, and technical assistance to developing nations The Peace Corps, the Alliance for Progress, some economic progress in developing nations Set the goal of landing on the moon before the end of the ’60’s, increased spending on the space program U. S. astronauts orbited the Earth an finally landed on the moon, science programs expanded; new industries,; new technological development; the rapid growth of Southern and Western states Medical care for the aged; rebuilding of blighted urban areas; federal aid for education A “national assault on poverty”; an investigation of racial injustice in the South; a national civil rights bill, a tax cut A “national assault on poverty”; an investigation of racial injustice in the South; a national civil rights bill, a tax cut

4. Economic growth; an increase in consumer spending; business investment and tax revenues; a reduction in federal budget deficit Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender; granted federal government new powers of enforcement Funded youth programs, antipoverty measures, and small business loans, and job training; created the Job Corps, the VISTA volunteer program, Project Head Start, and the Community Action Program Provided federal aid to help public and parochial schools to purchase textbooks, and new library materials, and to offer special education classes Provided hospital and low-cost medical insurance to most Americans age 65 and over Extended health care insurance to welfare recipients Replaced the National Origins system with a new immigration quota system that allowed more non-European immigrants to settle in the U.S. Ruled that school segregation is unconstitutional Established the principal of “one person, one vote”; asserted that federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion districts for more equal representation Ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in state courts – “the exclusionary rule” Required criminal courts to provide legal counsel to those who could not afford it. Ruled that an accused person has the right to have a lawyer present during questioning Ruled that all suspects must be ”read their rights” before questioning: established the Miranda rights.