1. Greek Government Sparta vs. Athens

2. Essential Learning Politics / Bureaucracy - students will understand the various systems of government, the types of leadership, the evolution of government and the influence of specific individuals (i.e. oligarchy, democracy, republic). Politics / Bureaucracy - students will understand the various systems of government, the types of leadership, the evolution of government and the influence of specific individuals (i.e. oligarchy, democracy, republic).

3. Democracy Athens began as an Oligarchy that was run by the Aristocrats. Athens began as an Oligarchy that was run by the Aristocrats. Oligarchy  tyranny  direct democracy (all citizens made the decisions.) Oligarchy  tyranny  direct democracy (all citizens made the decisions.) Democracy - from dēmos (people) + -kratia (rule) - a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections Democracy - from dēmos (people) + -kratia (rule) - a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections People suggest that Athens was not a true democracy why? People suggest that Athens was not a true democracy why? It really only meant that 1 in 7 people could vote. It really only meant that 1 in 7 people could vote. They were originally ruled by “archons”, but the archons were replaced by the 10 generals They were originally ruled by “archons”, but the archons were replaced by the 10 generals In Athens all laws were written down in a constitution. In Athens all laws were written down in a constitution.

4. Colonization and Expansion of trade led to the rise of a new middle class. They were ticked that the wealthy had the power in government. Colonization and Expansion of trade led to the rise of a new middle class. They were ticked that the wealthy had the power in government. The lower class backed the middle class because they were tired of the ruling aristocrats. The lower class backed the middle class because they were tired of the ruling aristocrats. The middle class started to buy weapons and armour. The middle class started to buy weapons and armour. The hoplite emerged from the middle class to fight the stronghold of the wealthy aristocrats. The hoplite emerged from the middle class to fight the stronghold of the wealthy aristocrats. What caused the change in government?

5. Definitions Hoplite – A Greek soldier wearing bronze body armour, a shield, a helmet and spear. Hoplite – A Greek soldier wearing bronze body armour, a shield, a helmet and spear.

6. Definitions Tyrants Tyrants 2 definitions 2 definitions (original def.) in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it. (original def.) in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it. There were several tyrants in ancient Greece who were very good rulers and had the support of the majority. There were several tyrants in ancient Greece who were very good rulers and had the support of the majority. A sovereign or other ruler who uses power oppressively or unjustly. A ruler who exercises power in a harsh, cruel manner. A sovereign or other ruler who uses power oppressively or unjustly. A ruler who exercises power in a harsh, cruel manner. Tyrants who believed in the cause of the middle class were able to gain power and were able to get the hoplites to fight for them. Tyrants who believed in the cause of the middle class were able to gain power and were able to get the hoplites to fight for them.

7. Athens 10 Generals Magistrates Council of 500 (Boule) Ecclesia (Assembly)

8. 10 Generals – Elected year to year. Were responsible for promoting domestic policy and directing military operations. 10 Generals – Elected year to year. Were responsible for promoting domestic policy and directing military operations. Archon – a land-holding aristocrat initially appointed to office for life and was responsible for supervising the government administration. Later it became a 1 year elected position. Archon – a land-holding aristocrat initially appointed to office for life and was responsible for supervising the government administration. Later it became a 1 year elected position. Council of 500 – people had to be over 30 to serve and could only serve on the council once in their lifetime. Council of 500 – people had to be over 30 to serve and could only serve on the council once in their lifetime. Citizens Assembly – Most important government institution because they elected the 10 generals. Citizens Assembly – Most important government institution because they elected the 10 generals.

9. Four Men Responsible for Athenian Democracy The 4 men who helped Athens become a democracy were: The 4 men who helped Athens become a democracy were: Draco (Draconian) Draco (Draconian) Solon Solon Pisistratus Pisistratus Cleisthenes Cleisthenes

10. Draco Brought in a new system of Athenian Law. (It was very harsh – Draconian) This new law applied to all citizens. His laws offered common people more protection and painted the way to universal legal rights.

11. Solon He was concerned about the farmers and common people. He cancelled debts and freed all who had gone into slavery because of debts. Declared that no one could be enslaved for debt again.

12. Solon He set up the council of 500 He set up the council of 500 Gave more power to the citizens assembly. Gave more power to the citizens assembly.

13. Pisistratus Wanted to help the poor so he drove wealthy landowners from their land and divided it up among the landless. Placed income tax on the wealthy. Set up employment opportunities for the unemployed.

14. Cleisthenes The first constitution was created by Cleisthenes in 508 BC. All citizens would at some point be able to part in the gov’t. (People served once as 1 yr terms.) He introduced the system of ostracism.

15. Ostracism Put out of a city-state. (forced into exile) Put out of a city-state. (forced into exile) People voted in order to decide whether to ostracize. People voted in order to decide whether to ostracize. The votes were recorded on broken pieces of pottery called “ostraka”. If 6000 were in favour of banishing then the person was out for 10 yrs. The votes were recorded on broken pieces of pottery called “ostraka”. If 6000 were in favour of banishing then the person was out for 10 yrs.

16. Sparta 2 Kings Ephors Council of Elders (Gerousia) Assembly of Citizens (Apella) (little power)

17. Sparta Showed three different types of governments. Showed three different types of governments. Monarchy Monarchy kings kings Oligarcy Oligarcy Ephors Ephors Gerousia Gerousia Democracy Democracy Assembly of Citizens Assembly of Citizens

18. Spartan Government Kings – There were 2 hereditary kings, one responsible for military and other the government. Elected for 9 year terms. Kings – There were 2 hereditary kings, one responsible for military and other the government. Elected for 9 year terms. Ephors – Ephors – 5 of them, Held most power, elected each year by citizens. Directed the affairs of the city-state. They could attend meetings of the council, summon the assembly. They could arrest and prosecute kings and hand out punishment to citizens. 5 of them, Held most power, elected each year by citizens. Directed the affairs of the city-state. They could attend meetings of the council, summon the assembly. They could arrest and prosecute kings and hand out punishment to citizens. Would determine if rulers would return for another term by searching for omens from the gods. Would determine if rulers would return for another term by searching for omens from the gods. Gerousia – This council of elders who advised the kings. Consisted of 28 aristocrats who prepared business for presentation to the Spartan Assembly and acted as a law court. Gerousia – This council of elders who advised the kings. Consisted of 28 aristocrats who prepared business for presentation to the Spartan Assembly and acted as a law court. Assembly of Citizens (Apella)– Included all males over the age of 30. They met each month on the full moon. Would vote by shouting loudest on policies brought them by the Gerousia. Really had no power, could not proposed laws, could not debate and decisions could be ignored. Assembly of Citizens (Apella)– Included all males over the age of 30. They met each month on the full moon. Would vote by shouting loudest on policies brought them by the Gerousia. Really had no power, could not proposed laws, could not debate and decisions could be ignored.

19. Who had no political rights? Women, Women, children, children, slaves, slaves, foreigners. foreigners.