1. Temperature Seafarer’s Health : Risk Factors
Operational factors which can degrade crew performance
Temperature
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2. Temperature effects on Humans
Heat : Hyperthermia
Cold : Hypothermia
Humidity
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3. Temperature effects on Humans
Cold : Hypothermia
Humidity
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4. What is Hypothermia "Hypo" means under. "Therm" is a unit of heat.
The normal core temperature for you body is
37.5 degrees C or 99.5 degrees F .
"Core temperature" means the temperature of internal body organs, particularly the heart,
brain, lungs, kidneys, stomach, and intestines.   An abnormally low core temperature is the condition of hypothermia.
In this condition normal muscular and
mental abilities are impaired.
If this condition continues to deteriorate
it will lead to death.
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5. hypothermia is the result.
What causes Hypothermia
- 1. Sudden exposure to cold water or
- 2. Prolonged exposure to the cold
conditions of temperature, water,
and wind or
- 3. A very slow and prolonged period
of cold conditions and prolonged
fatigue, exhaustion, and lack of food.
When heat loss exceeds heat production and heat retention
hypothermia is the result.
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6. Immersion in Cold Water5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Minutes
Cold shock
Swim failure
Immersion Hypothermia
Post-Immersion Collapse
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7. Immersion in Cold Water
temperature
Fahrenheit ( °F )
Celsius ( °C )
Exhaustion or
Unconsciousness
Expected time
of survival
( in minutes )
32°5
0°C
Under 15 min.
Under min.
32°5 - 40°F
4.4°C
min.
min.
40° - 50°F
10°C
min.
1 - 3 hours.
50° - 60°F
16°C
1 - 2 hours.
1 - 6 hours.
60° - 70°F
21°C
2 - 7 hours.
hours.
70° - 80°F
27°C
hours.
3 - Indefinitely
Over 80°F
> 27°C
Indefinitely
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8. Effect of Cold on Body Temperature ( °C ) 37 36 35 33 32 31 28-30 27
- Normal oral temperature
- Metabolic rate increased
- Maximum shivering seen / impaired judgment
- Severe clouding of consciousness
- Most shivering ceases and pupils dilate
- Blood pressure may no longer be obtainable
- Severe slowing of pulse / respiration
Increased muscle rigidity
Loss of consciousness
Ventricular fibrillation
- Loss of deep tendon. skin and capillary reflexes
Patients appear clinically dead
Complete cardiac standstill
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9. Hypothermia Warning Signs
Body Signs/Symptoms Temperature (Rectal )
37.5°C Normal
Seek dry shelter, replace clothing with dry including shocks, gloves, hat, cover neck, insulate whole body including head from cold. Exercise but avoid sweating. External warmth (bath, fire) ONLY if Core Temperature above 35°C.
Warm sweet drink and food (High calories).
36.0°C - Feel cold
35.0°C - Shivering
Body core temperature below 35.0°C = Hypothermia = Hospital
34.0°C - Clumsy Irrational
Confused
may appear drunk
No exercise, handle gently, rest. No external warmth (except to chest, trunk). Warm sweet drinks and calories. Internal warming via warm moist air (external air, steam) or warm moist oxygen (40-42°C at mask).
33.0°C Muscle stiffness
32.0°C Shivering stops, Collapse, transfer to hospital, Urgent
31.0°C - Semi-conscious
Nothing by mouth. Check airway remains open. May tolerate plastic airway, put in recovery position, check airway, turn every 2 hours to protect skin, monitor pulse and breathing.
Slow mouth-to-mouth breathing at victim’s own rate (may be very slow). Check airway, CPR, with mouth-to-mouth breathing. Aim for normal CPR rates of breaths/min. and compressions/min., but slower rates of 6-12 breaths/min. and compressions may be adequate. Continue for as long as you can.
30.0°C - Semi-conscious
No response to painful stimulus
29.0°C - Slow pulse and breathing
28.0°C - Cardiac arrest
No obvious pulse or breathing
Pupils dilated
Below 28.0°C, No vital signs, Cold, Do not give up treatment
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10. Hypothermia : Prevention
- First Line of Defense :
Avoid exposure, stay dry, be aware
of the wind, understand and don’t
underestimate the cold.
- Second Line of Defense :
Terminate exposure get out of the
wind and the rain, and go inside.
- Third Line of Defense :
Watch yourself and others for the
symptoms.
- Fourth Line of Defense :
Treatment
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11. Treatment of Hypothermia
The basic principle of rewarming a hypothermia
victim is to :
- conserve the heat they have (heat retention)
- and warm the victim (heat production),
getting them back to normal. In general
1- Get the victim dry and out of the wind. 2- Gently remove all wet clothes (get dry). 3- Insulate the body, including head and neck
(heat retention). 4- Apply mild heat to body core and rewarm
gradually (heat production). 5- Handle gently.
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12. Temperature effects on Humans
Heat : Hyperthermia
Humidity
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13. What is Heat Illness and Hyperthermia
Heat illness can range from
mild heat exhaustion
to the most severe form,
heat stroke.
Heat stroke is a dysfunction of
the central nervous system
that makes the body stop sweating
and organs stop working.
Rarely does hyperthermia occur in the neonate by means of anything but an external source.
Hyperthermia can be defined as a rectal temperature greater than 98.6° F (37.0° C).
Determination of an external source of heat gain versus an actual febrile state can be made by observing for peripheral vasoconstriction as demonstrated by a higher rectal temperature versus a distal temperature of the foot.
In the presence of over heating, the opposite would occur. 
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14. What is Heat Illness and Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia can be defined as
a rectal temperature
greater than 98.6° F (37.0° C).
Determination of an
external source of heat gain
versus an actual febrile state
can be made by observing
a higher rectal temperature
versus a distal temperature
of the foot.
Rarely does hyperthermia occur in the neonate by means of anything but an external source.
Hyperthermia can be defined as a rectal temperature greater than 98.6° F (37.0° C).
Determination of an external source of heat gain versus an actual febrile state can be made by observing for peripheral vasoconstriction as demonstrated by a higher rectal temperature versus a distal temperature of the foot.
In the presence of over heating, the opposite would occur. 
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15. Effects of Hyperthermia on body
Every year thousand of people die from heat related causes
Unless prompt treatment is received,
they suffer the serious or even fatal consequences of heat stroke.
Usually it is the cumulative effect of
heat for days on, without the relief
effect of cool nights, resulting in heat
exhaustion, which may lead to death.
In many parts of the world, every summer tens of thousands of people suffer from heat stress when
their bodies absorb more heat than they can dispel.
Unless prompt treatment is received, they suffer the serious or even fatal consequences of heat stroke (hyperthermia).
Usually it is the cumulative effect of dwellings heating up for days on end, without the relief of cool nights, which results in widespread heat exhaustion and many deaths.
At most risk are : very young children, the elderly, people with weight, chronic ailments or other health problems, and those on medications or with alcohol / drug dependency
- all of which have a drying effect or reduce perspiration - the body’s cooling system.
Very poor and homeless people are often victims as they cannot always seek the safety of a cooled home.
At most risk level are : Young children and elderly, people with weight, chronic ailments or other health problems, and those on medications or with alcohol or drug dependency.
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16. Heat illness : Temperature
Studies had shown strong associations between
thermal comfort and worker output ( productivity ).
The body has certain evolutionary tolerances but
the limits are to some extent already set.
The formula that describes thermal comfort is :
Hb  =  M x R x C - E
where  Hb = body heat storage load,
    M = metabolic heat gain      R = radiant or infrared heat load      C = convection heat load      E = evaporative heat loss.
The thermal environment plays an important role in the workplace. Studies had shown strong associations between
thermal comfort and worker output (productivity).
The body has certain evolutionary tolerances but the limits are to some extent already set.
The single formula that describes thermal comfort is given as:
Hb  =  M x R x C  -  E
where  Hb = body heat storage load,
    M = metabolic heat gain      R = radiant or infrared heat load      C = convection heat load      E = evaporative heat loss.
This formula shows that the body's heat of metabolism has to be lost through evaporation of water in the form of sweat. If we put additional stresses on the body system we increase the level of either body heat storage load of evaporative heat loss.
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17. High Temperature + High Humidity + Physical Work = Heat Illness
Heat illness : Temperature & Humidity
Relative Humidity
Temperature
In Celsius
70 %
37.8
Danger
60 %
35.0
50 %
32.2
Caution
40 %
29.4
Less hazardous
30 %
26.7
High Temperature + High Humidity + Physical Work = Heat Illness
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18. Human Comfort : Temperature & Humidity
There is no one temperature and humidity condition at which everyone is comfortable.
Research concluded
there is a range of combined temperatures and humidities that provides comfort
to most people.
Indoor Air Temperature (°F)
Relative Humidity (%)
The shaded area represent the "Comfort Zone.”
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19. Hyperthermia Process Heat gain Water loss Organ damage Brain, Lungs,
Decreased blood
volume
Increased body
temperature
Less blood flow to skin
Less sweating
Strain on
circulatory
system
Hyperventilation
Damage to central
nervous system
Tingling
Numbness
Cramps
Fainting
Cessation of sweating
Vasoconstriction
Shivering
Decreased
blood flow
Organ damage
Brain, Lungs,
Kidneys, Liver
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20. Hyperthermia : Risk is increased by
Age -
- Illness
Alcohol -
- Medications
Caffeine -
- Morale
Chronic medical -
Conditions
- Missed Meals
- Obesity
Dehydration -
- Physical fitness
Deprivation -
- Sleep
Fever -
- Skin Disease
History of -
heat stroke
- Smoking
- Stupidity
Hygiene -
- Sunburn
Leadership
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21. Hyperthermia : Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of hyperthermia secondary to overheating include :
- Tachypnea
- Apnea
- Tachycardia
- Hypotension
- Flushing
- Warm extremities
- Irritability
- Diaphoresis
- Poor feeding
- Lethargy
- Hypotonia
- Extended posture
- Weak or absent cry
- Skin temperature greater than
core temperature
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22. Hyperthermia Treatment
Anyone who experiences headache, nausea
and fatigue after exposure to heat may have some degree of heat-related illness.
For a victim of heat exhaustion :
- Move the person out of the sun and into
a cool place ( preferably air-conditioned )
- Offer fluids : Water and juice are best 
Avoid alcohol and caffeine
- Sponge the person off with cool water
- Have the person take a bath or shower
- Encourage the victim to lie down and
rest in a cool place.
For heat stroke, seek emergency medical
assistance immediately.
Rarely does hyperthermia occur in the neonate by means of anything but an external source.
Hyperthermia can be defined as a rectal temperature greater than 98.6° F (37.0° C).
Determination of an external source of heat gain versus an actual febrile state can be made by observing for peripheral vasoconstriction as demonstrated by a higher rectal temperature versus a distal temperature of the foot.
  In the presence of over heating, the opposite would occur.
Anyone who experiences headache, nausea and fatigue after exposure to heat may have some degree of heat-related illness.
For a victim of heat exhaustion :
- Move the person out of the sun and into a cool place
(preferably air-conditioned)
- Offer fluids : Water and juice are best 
Avoid alcohol and caffeine
- Sponge the person off with cool water. If a bathtub is
available, have the person take a bath or shower
- Encourage the Victim to Lie Down and Rest in a cool place.
For heat stroke, seek emergency medical assistance immediately.
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23. Hyperthermia Treatment
Well the air conditioning already on it’s lowest setting.
You should try jogging in your lunchbreak to war up…
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24. Hyperthermia Humans do not tolerate heat exposure very well.
Once heat illness has occurred,
it can rapidly become life-threatening.
How to prevent heat-related illnesses ?
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25. Hyperthermia : Prevention
1. Avoid dehydration
- Drink 1 pint of liquid 10 to 15 minutes before
beginning vigorous exercise.
- Drink at least 1 pint to 1 quart of liquid with
adequate electrolyte supplementation each
hour during heavy exercise with sweating in
a hot climate.
- Persons outdoors should consume at least
3 quarts of fluid each day to replenish fluid lost
through urination, exhaled moisture,
skin evaporation, and defecation.
With moderate activity, increase to at least
4 to 5 quarts.
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26. Hyperthermia : Prevention
2. Avoid coffee, tea, and alcohol
- containing beverages.
They cause increased fluid loss through
excessive urination (diuretic effect).
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27. Hyperthermia : Prevention
3. Sodium an damp ;
potassium supplements
- You may supplement the normal daily diet during
times of extreme sweating (greater than 1/2 to 1
quart per hour) with 5 to 10 grams of sodium
(normal daily dietary intake is 4 to 6 grams.
Most adults would be fine with 1 to 3 grams)
and 2 to 4 grams of potassium.
- Supplemental salt is advised when weight loss
from sweating exceeds 5 pounds in a single
session, particularly early in the acclimatization
period when salt losses in sweat are great.
3. Sodium an damp ; potassium supplements
- You may supplement the normal daily diet during times of extreme sweating (greater than 1/2 to 1 quart
per hour) with 5 to 10 grams of sodium (normal daily dietary intake is 4 to 6 grams. Most adults would be
fine with 1 to 3 grams) and 2 to 4 grams of potassium.
- Supplemental salt is advised when weight loss from sweating exceeds 5 pounds in a single session,
particularly early in the acclimatization period when salt losses in sweat are great.
- Consume 1/2 gram (1/10 teaspoon) of sodium chloride (table salt) with a pint of water for each pound of weight loss over 5 pounds.
- Eat potassium-rich vegetables and fruits, such as broccoli and bananas.
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28. Hyperthermia : Prevention
3. Sodium an damp ;
potassium supplements
- Consume 1/2 gram (1/10 teaspoon) of
sodium chloride (table salt) with
a pint of water for each pound of
weight loss over 5 pounds.
- Eat potassium-rich vegetables and fruits,
such as broccoli and bananas.
3. Sodium an damp ; potassium supplements
- You may supplement the normal daily diet during times of extreme sweating (greater than 1/2 to 1 quart
per hour) with 5 to 10 grams of sodium (normal daily dietary intake is 4 to 6 grams. Most adults would be
fine with 1 to 3 grams) and 2 to 4 grams of potassium.
- Supplemental salt is advised when weight loss from sweating exceeds 5 pounds in a single session,
particularly early in the acclimatization period when salt losses in sweat are great.
- Consume 1/2 gram (1/10 teaspoon) of sodium chloride (table salt) with a pint of water for each pound of weight loss over 5 pounds.
- Eat potassium-rich vegetables and fruits, such as broccoli and bananas.
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29. Hyperthermia : Prevention
4. Wear appropriate clothing
- Dress in lightweight, absorbent layers
so that clothing can be added or
shed as necessary.
Wear a loosely fitted, broad-brimmed hat.
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30. Hyperthermia : Prevention
5. Towel off the face and scalp frequently
- As 50% of sweating occurs from these areas,
remove headgear when possible in order to
allow evaporation from the head.
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31. Hyperthermia : Prevention
6. Keep out of the sun on a hot day
- Resting on hot ground increases heat stress.
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32. Hyperthermia : Prevention
7. Encourage rests and fluid breaks
- Insufficient rest contributes to
an increased risk for heat illness.
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33. Hyperthermia : Prevention
8. Condition yourself for the environment
- Gradual increased exposure to work
in a hot environment for a minimum
of an hour a day for a period of 10 days
will allow you to acclimatize.
More time spent in the heat hastens
the process.
Obesity and lack of conditioning contribute
to an increased risk for heat illness.
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34. Hyperthermia : Prevention
9. Be watchful of the very young
and very old
- Their bodies do not regulate
body temperature well and
can rapidly become
too hot or too cold.
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35. Hyperthermia : Prevention
10. Avoid taking drugs
that inhibit the sweating process :
- Atropine, antispasmodics, anti-motion
sickness, diminish cardiac output
- Beta blockers disrupt certain features
of physiologic activity
- Antidepressants, antihistamines increase
muscle activity
- Hallucinogens, cocaine or
- Diuretics that promote dehydration.
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36. Hyperthermia : Prevention
The best ways to beat the heat are
to avoid going outside and drink plenty of fluids.
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37. NON