1. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Sandec Training Tool 1.0 – Module 6 Solid Waste Management

2. Sandec Training Tool2 Module 6: Solid Waste Management Review Non-technical Aspects such as Stakeholders and legal frameworks Technical Aspects for storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal Introduction What is the present state in SWM? Definitions and objectives Definitions and Objectives Household hazardous Wastes and their characteristics Module 6: Chapter 1

3. Sandec Training Tool3 What is our focus in this course? Storage – Transport – Treatment – Disposal – Reuse Wastewater Greywater Excreta, Faecal sudge Solid Waste Stormwater Planning – Financing – Implementing Operation & Maintenance – Regulation & Enforcement Wastes Resources Household water handling Waste generation Sanitation Drainage Processes Management Sources of waste Sources of waste Water supply Definitions & Objectives

4. Sandec Training Tool4 Water supply (Water treatment & storage) Water supply (Water treatment & storage) Sanitation (Waste- water & excreta management) Solid waste management Stormwater drainage What is our focus in this course?  This document gives an overview of the present state in solid waste generation and -management.  Characteristics of municipal solid waste and description of available technologies to treat wastes are presented, as well as non-technical aspects like private sector involvement and financial arrangements. Definitions & Objectives

5. Sandec Training Tool5 Definition of municipal solid waste (MSW) Definitions & Objectives  Waste: “Unwanted product or material generated by households or industries that has no value for the one who discards it”  Municipal solid waste: All refuse except industrial, construction and debris waste Indiscriminate dumping

6. Sandec Training Tool6 What is integrated solid waste management? SOCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL / LEGAL, ECONOMIC, and ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK PLANNING, MANAGEMENT, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE and MONITORING PROCESSES ACTORS and STAKEHOLDERS SYSTEM PROCESSES Households Commercial Health Care Facility. Institutions Waste Generators Industry Storage systems Heaps Bins Shared Bins Bags Shared Bins and Bags Collection & Storage systems secondary collection community container primary collection transfer station bring system secondary collection designated disposal sites indiscriminate disposal sites Disposal systems incineration avoidance / reduction recyclables collection/picking/recovering/scavenging recyclables treatment/processing recyclables use Definitions & Objectives

7. Sandec Training Tool7 What are the objectives of integrated solid waste management?  Protect environmental health  Promote the quality of the urban environment  Support the efficiency and productivity of the economy  Generate employment and income Definitions & Objectives 3R-Concept: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (Eawag/Sandec)

8. Sandec Training Tool8 Module 6: Chapter 2 Review Non-technical Aspects such as Stakeholders and legal frameworks Technical Aspects for storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal Introduction What is the present state in SWM? Definitions and Objectives Introduction What is the present state in SWM? Household hazardous Wastes and their characteristics

9. Sandec Training Tool9 What are the problems related to insufficient SWM?  Inadequate coverage of the population to be served;  Operational inefficiencies of municipal SW services and management;  Limited utilisation of the formal and informal sector in recycling activities;  Public health threats  Formal and informal workers (collectors, sorters) exposed to waste  Garbage piles create reservoirs for insects and rodents that carry diseases  Open burning of garbage contributes to respiratory illness  Environmental health threats  Contamination of water, soil, air (metals, toxins, nutrients)  Blockage of water flow in drainages  floods  erosion  Attraction of vultures  Deterioration of aesthetic value of landscapes Introduction

10. Sandec Training Tool10 What are the categories of MSW and how much waste is produced? MSW generated worldwide (2006): Approx. 2.02 billion tons [kg/capita/yr ] Introduction Eawag/Sandec

11. Sandec Training Tool11 How is SWM generation related to urbanisation? CountryLarge citiesMiddle citiesSmall cities Nepal0.50.350.25 Egypt1.0 – 1.30.5 – 0.80.25 Sri Lanka0.65 – 0.850.45 – 0.650.2 – 0.45 The urbanisation level of a city indicated by its population size correlates to waste generation rates. Rural villages and small towns have significantly lower values of generated waste per capita. Introduction

12. Sandec Training Tool12 What is the present state of SW collection? About 30 - 50% of the wastes generated in developing countries are never collected (Eawag/Sandec, 2008) Introduction

13. Sandec Training Tool13 What is the present state of SW treatment? Only a tiny fraction of the collected waste is treated or properly disposed of. Most of the waste is disposed of in unsanitary landfills. (Eawag/Sandec, 2008) Introduction

14. Sandec Training Tool14 What role does organic waste play in the context of SWM? Low-Income Countries* Middle- Income Countries + High- Income Countries Waste generated [kg/cap. & day] 0.4 - 0.60.5 - 0.90.7 - 1.8 Waste density [kg/m3] 250 - 500170 - 330100 - 170 Water content [%] 40 - 8040 - 6020 - 30 Organic content [%]40 - 8520 - 6520 - 50 * Countries with GDP US$ 360, < US$ 3’500 per year per capita. The high moisture content of organic wastes influences the feasibility of collection and treatment options. (Cointreau, 1982, and BUWAL, 1994, in Zurbrugg, 2003) Introduction

15. Sandec Training Tool15 Module 6: Chapter 3 Review Non-technical Aspects such as Stakeholders and legal frameworks Technical aspects for storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal Introduction What is the present state in SWM? Definitions and Objectives Technical Aspects for storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal Household hazardous Wastes and their characteristics

16. Sandec Training Tool16 What are the main technical elements of SWM? Technical Aspects Eawag/Sandec

17. Sandec Training Tool17 What are the main options for storage and primary collection? Technical Aspects (Eawag/Sandec)

18. Sandec Training Tool18 Primary storage and transport Technical Aspects Kerbside containers Muscle-powered cart

19. Sandec Training Tool19 Transfer point and secondary collection Technical Aspects (Eawag/Sandec)

20. Sandec Training Tool20 Technical Aspects

21. Sandec Training Tool21 Transfer point and secondary collection “Transfer refers to the movement of waste or materials from the primary collection vehicle to a secondary, generally larger and more efficient, transport vehicle.” Technical Aspects Transfer point Compactor truck Transfer point

22. Sandec Training Tool22 When are compactor trucks feasible?  Compactor trucks work well where:  there are paved streets wide enough to allow passage and turning  the waste is set out in containers or bags, so that crews can pick them up quickly  the density and moisture content of the waste are low  Non-compactor trucks work well where:  the waste is generally very wet or dense  labor is relatively inexpensive, compared to capital  there is limited access to highly skilled maintenance  collection routes are long and relatively sparsely populated  controlling capital and operating costs is very important  downtime for maintenance must be minimised. Technical Aspects

23. Sandec Training Tool23 Problems related to collection Facts  Collection uses a large fraction of the total municipal budget  Municipal systems often service less than 50 % of the population  The urban poor suffer most from the lack of service Reasons  Often illegal settlements  Urban poor often have limited means of exerting political pressure  Often difficult to access with "conventionally used transport vehicles  The local authority has great difficulty to expand their services to a larger area. Effects  Waste remains in the neighbourhood, is burnt or flushed by water Technical Aspects

24. Sandec Training Tool24 What are the major treatment options for organic waste?  Composting: Is the main treatment option for organic wastes.  Animal feeding represents a higher use of kitchen wastes than composting, as more of the nutrient value is productively used.  Vermicomposting, also called vermiculture or worm composting, is a relatively cool, aerobic composting process in which certain varieties of redworms and earthworms can be used to break down organic materials.  Biogasification of organic solid waste is already widespread in industrialized countries and is continuously gaining in importance given the increasing demand for renewable energy as well as high market prices for fuel. Technical Aspects (Eawag/Sandec)

25. Sandec Training Tool25 The two fundamental types of composting techniques Windrow composting  Simple system  Require little capital  Require more land  Process is slower Enclosed system composting  More sophisticated systems  Require more capital  Require little land  Process is faster Technical Aspects Windrow composting Bin composting

26. Sandec Training Tool26 Heat treatment  Composting produces heat  Heat sterilises the compost Heat is one of the most effective ways of killing pathogens Technical Aspects (Feachem, 1983)

27. Sandec Training Tool27 Kitchen waste composting versus animal feeding  Whenever a compost system is being planned, it is important to evaluate the extent to which compostables are already being diverted to animal feed. Municipal authorities are sometimes unaware of these processes!  If people need their kitchen wastes for animals they are unlikely to cooperate with centralised composting systems Vs. Technical Aspects

28. Sandec Training Tool28 Composting mixed solid waste  In industrialized countries, the waste stream is often too diverse and contains too many metals and plastics to allow mixed- waste composting to be considered a sound practice.  In developing countries, the waste stream contains high levels of organic wastes, since the main non-compostables are not thrown out or are picked out prior to final disposal. However, waste separation at source, i.e. at the household level, is still preferable. Technical Aspects

29. Sandec Training Tool29 Vermicomposting  Vermiculture requires considerable labor and careful control of composting conditions, including temperature, moisture, and the mix of ingredients  It produces a superior fertilizer-type product  It does not necessarily kill all pathogens Technical Aspects Earthworms

30. Sandec Training Tool30 Black soldier flies  SANDEC is evaluating a new technology which promises to combine waste treatment with generation of a valuable (by-)product which is in fact the organism feeding on waste itself, in a simple facility.  The live cycle of the non-pest Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens fits this purpose very well. 4 d ~14 d 4 d Prepupa Larva EggAdult Pupa Technical Aspects (Diener, 2008)

31. Sandec Training Tool31 Biogasification  Biogas originates from bacteria in the process of bio-degradation of organic material under anaerobic conditions  Well-functioning biogas systems can yield a whole range of benefits for their users, the society and the environment in general What is Biogas?  Methane (CH 4 ):40 - 70 vol.%  Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ):30 - 60 vol.%  Other gases:1 - 5 vol.% What is Biogas?  Methane (CH 4 ):40 - 70 vol.%  Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ):30 - 60 vol.%  Other gases:1 - 5 vol.% Technical Aspects

32. Sandec Training Tool32 Advantages of Biogasification  Production of energy (heat, light, electricity)  Transformation of organic waste into high quality fertilizer  Improvement of hygienic conditions through reduction of pathogens, worm eggs and flies  Reduction of workload, mainly for women, in firewood collection and cooking  Environmental advantages through protection of soil, water, air and woody vegetation  Micro-economical benefits through energy and fertilizer substitution, additional income sources and increasing yields of animal husbandry and agriculture  Macro-economical benefits through decentralised energy generation, import substitution and environmental protection Technical Aspects

33. Sandec Training Tool33 Recycling Technical Aspects

34. Sandec Training Tool34 Recycling Facts  Informal recycling is usually well developed.  Informal does not mean unorganized  Waste-pickers are mostly driven by poverty, are a social fringe group and exposed to high health risk  Recycling further along the waste cycle worsens working conditions.  Such activities are often in conflict with formal services if they are not coordinated  Recycling is a function of market Technical Aspects Jakarta, Indonesien  37’000 persons employed  25% of total waste generated is recycled  Income: 0.75 - 3.5 US$ / day = 28’000 - 130’000 US$ per day  Income of city = 1500 US$ /day  Cost saving for city = 300’000 US$ /month

35. Sandec Training Tool35 Importance of Scavengers (Waste pickers)  In developing countries, informal waste-pickers (known as scavengers) play an important role in solid waste management systems  They collect, from the streets, dumpsites, or landfills, re-usable and recyclable material that can be reincorporated into the economy's production process  Despite the benefits that they generate to society, waste-pickers are ignored when waste management policies are formulated. US$ / day Income by recycling in Kolkata (Calcutta) Scavengers Technical Aspects

36. Sandec Training Tool36 Disposal Technical Aspects

37. Sandec Training Tool37 What options for final disposal exist and how are they characterized?  Incineration  (Sanitary) landfills Technical Aspects (Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.,1999) (www.consutech.com)

38. Sandec Training Tool38 Incineration Final disposal  Substantial reduction of the weight (up to 75%) and volume (up to 90%)  Electricity/heat production  Capital intensive (construction and maintenance)  High-tech level, requiring specialized personnel  Not suitable for solid wastes with high moisture and low energy content  Potential emissions of contaminants Technical Aspects

39. Sandec Training Tool39 Final disposal Rough estimation of the "lower calorific value (LCV)” LCV [kcal/kg] = 40(a + b + c + d) + 90e - 46W in % of wet weight: a = Paper b = Textiles c = Wood & Leaves d = Foodwaste e = Plastic & Rubber W = Water For incineration without additional fuel a LCV of a least 1'000 kcal/kg is required (4'200 KJ/kg). For incineration with energy recovery a LCV of a least 1'500 - 1'650 kcal/kg is required (6'300-7'000 KJ/kg) Technical Aspects In developing countries, LCV is mostly lower than 1000 kcal/Kg! Incineration – Energy recovery

40. Sandec Training Tool40 Final disposal Facts  Disposal is mostly uncontrolled, unorganized with high impact to the environment.  Priority on disposal is lacking (out of sight out of mind)  If standards are set, they are mostly based on standards from high-income countries which can not be met and enforced in the local context  No acceptance of disposal sites by public  Rapid urbanization and lacking land use planning makes it difficult to find new sites in a viable distance Technical Aspects Landfills

41. Sandec Training Tool41 Final disposal  compaction of the wastes  daily covering of the wastes (with soil or other material) to remove them from the influence of the outside environment, and  control and prevention of negative impacts on the public health and on the environment (e.g., odours, contaminated water supplies, etc.) In order to be designated a sanitary landfill, a disposal site must meet the following three general but basic conditions: However, meeting all specific aspects may be technologically and economically impractical in many developing countries Technical Aspects (Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1999) Sanitary landfills

42. Sandec Training Tool42 Final disposal  generate liquid and gaseous emissions (leachate and landfill gas) that can pollute the environment, and  represent a breeding ground for disease-bearing animals and microorganisms. Left unmanaged and uncontrolled, solid wastes openly dumped on the land: Technical Aspects Open dump Open dumps

43. Sandec Training Tool43 Non-landfill disposal  There is a tradition in some countries of disposing of garbage directly onto farmland.  Farmers seek the nutrient value of the organic portion of the waste, as long as there is sufficiently little plastic, glass, and metal in the MSW.  This is a hazardous practice, since uncomposted organic waste contains pathogens.  Some municipalities dispose of MSW at sea, on land near the ocean, or on river banks, although many industrialised and developing countries have banned these practices. In general, these practices cannot be considered environmentally sound. Technical Aspects

44. Sandec Training Tool44 Module: Chapter 4 Review Non-technical Aspects such as Stakeholders and legal frameworks Technical Aspects for storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal Introduction What is the present state in SWM? Definitions and Objectives Household hazardous wastes and their characteristics Household hazardous Wastes and their characteristics

45. Sandec Training Tool45 What are household hazardous wastes?  Households generate small quantities of hazardous wastes such as oil-based paints, paint thinners, wood preservatives, pesticides, household cleaners, used motor oil, antifreeze, and batteries  Household hazardous waste (HHW) in industrialized countries such as the US accounts for a total of 0.5% of all waste generated at home  In developing countries the percentage is even lower. Household hazardous Wastes Glues, paints, pest control etc.

46. Sandec Training Tool46 What are the dangers hazardous wastes can pose?  Surface Water Contamination  Groundwater Contamination  Air Contamination  Leachate  Soil Contamination Household hazardous Wastes

47. Sandec Training Tool47 What are the problems related to E-waste?  Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) or E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world.  In developed countries, it equals 1% of total solid waste on an average. In developing countries, it ranges from 0.01% to 1% of the total municipal solid waste generation.  It contains more than a 1000 different substances, which fall under “hazardous” and “non-hazardous” categories.  Old computers are being dumped in Asia where they are releasing toxic materials into the environment. Household hazardous Wastes Child sitting in e-waste

48. Sandec Training Tool48 Module 6: Chapter 5 Review Non-technical aspects such as Stakeholders and legal frameworks Technical Aspects for storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal Introduction What is the present state in SWM? Definitions and Objectives Household hazardous Wastes and their characteristics Non-technical Aspects such as Stakeholders and legal frameworks

49. Sandec Training Tool49 Who are the stakeholders to be considered within the SMW?  Waste generators  Central/provincial government  Municipality  NGOs & CBOs  Private formal sector  Private informal sector  Internal & external support agencies SWM can not be solved with innovative technology or engineering alone. It is an urban issue that is closely related to a number of issues such as urban lifestyles, resource consumption patterns, employment and income, and other socio-economic and cultural issues. Non-technical Aspects

50. Sandec Training Tool50 What are the characteristics of private sector involvement?  Competition between different private sector companies, and also, if possible, between the private and public sectors provides motivation to maintain effort.  Accountability: Private sector service providers should sense that they are accountable to the people whose waste they collect and to the local government agency that has engaged or licensed them.  Transparency: Financial dealings and decision-making should be transparent. There are 3 key factors for the success of private sector involvement: One solution for the problem of costly and vexing provision of MSW services is to contract service provision with the private sector in the belief that service efficiency and coverage can be improved, and environmental protection enhanced. Non-technical Aspects

51. Sandec Training Tool51 How is SMW influenced by legal frameworks and international treaties?  Currently, no convention or other measure exists for the comprehensive management of waste.  Efforts for dealing with waste on an international scale have been largely confined to managing the problems associated with the trans-boundary transport of waste.  Although some technical guidelines for the management of certain specific types of waste have been drafted under the Basel Convention (1989), the effectiveness and impact of these guidelines on waste minimization are yet to be determined.  At the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro Brazil, the international community adopted the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21, an action plan designed to guide the Earth’s development in a sustainable manner (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992.  The same goals were reiterated 10 years later at the World Summit on Sustainability Development.  Legal frameworks on country level Non-technical Aspects

52. Sandec Training Tool52 Financial aspects  Making cost-effective and informed decisions about municipal solid waste (MSW) programs requires access to a broad spectrum of information. Local government officials need to know what solid waste management really costs. Full cost accounting (FCA) provides a common-sense approach to:  Identifying and assessing the cost of managing solid waste operations, and  Aiding decision-makers with short and long-term program planning to help identify measures for streamlining and improving operations.  Until recently, in most countries, the management of waste has been considered to be the responsibility of government, financed by general revenues (taxes). Other options include:  Polluter pays principle  Privatisation of certain services Non-technical Aspects

53. Sandec Training Tool53 Review Non-technical Aspects such as Stakeholders and legal frameworks Technical Aspects for storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal Introduction What is the present state in SWM? Definitions and Objectives Household hazardous Wastes and their characteristics Review

54. Sandec Training Tool54 Review  Management of MSW is one of the major challenges worldwide  Inadequate collection, recycling or treatment and uncontrolled disposal of waste in dumps lead to severe hazards, such as health risks and environmental pollution  The situation is especially serious in low and mid-income countries  The amount of waste generated is often linked directly to income level and lifestyle  The socio-economic, cultural and institutional context in the developing world requires special consideration of appropriartely adapted technologies, capacity building, including improvement of skills and know- how at local government level. Review

55. Sandec Training Tool55 Credits Publisher: Eawag, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, P.O. 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland, Phone +41 (0)44 823 52 86, Fax +41 (0)44 823 53 99 Editors: Yvonne Vögeli Concept and Content: Benjamin Hemkendreis and Karin Güdel Layout: Benjamin Hemkendreis Copyright: Eawag/Sandec 2008 Eawag/Sandec compiled this material, however much of the text and figures are not Eawag/Sandec property and can be obtained from the Internet. The modules of the Sandec Training Tool are not commercial products and may only be reproduced freely for non-commercial purposes. The user must always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. This Powerpoint presentation and its matching lecture notes are available on the CD of Sandec‘s Training Tool and can be ordered at: info@sandec.ch