1. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 4
Organization and
Regulation of
Body Systems
Lecture Outline
Part 4
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2. What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important?
4.6 Integumentary System
What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important?
They include nails, hair, and glands.
Nails are derived from the epidermis and offer a protective covering.
Hair follicles are derived from the _______, but hair grows from __________ cells.
Oil glands are associated with hair and produce _________ that lubricates the hair and skin and retards ______________.
Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and help to regulate ______________.

3. Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems
4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems
An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function.
An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

4. What are the organ systems of the human body?
4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What are the organ systems of the human body?
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Lymphatic and
Immune systems
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
•protects body.
• provides temperature
Homeostasis
•synthesizes vitamin D.
•receives sensory input
Organ:Skin.
• transport system for
nutrients, waste
• provides temperature,
pH, and fluid
homeostasis
Organ: Heart
• defends against
infectious diseases
• provides fluid
• assists in absorption
and transport of fats
Organs: Lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes,
spleen
• ingests, digests, and
processes food
• absorbs nutrients and
eliminates waste
• involved in fluid
Organs: Oral cavity,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large
intestine, salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
• exchanges gases at
both lungs and tissues
• assists in pH
Organs: Lungs
• excretes metabolic
wastes
• provides pH and
fluids homeostasis
Organs: Kidneys,
urinary bladder
Cardiovascular
systems
Integumentary
Figure Organ systems of the body.

5. What are the organ systems of the human body?
4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What are the organ systems of the human body?
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• assists in movement
and posture
• produces heat
Organs: Muscles
• receives, processes,
and stores sensory input
• provides motor output
• coordinates organ
systems
Organs: Brain, spinal cord
• produces hormones.
• cordinate organ systems
• regulates metabolism
and stress responce
• involved fluid and
pH homeostasis
Organs: Testes, ovaries,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
thymus, thyroid, pineal gland
Reproductive system
Endocrine system
Nervous system
Muscular system
Skeletal system
• provides support
and protection
• stores minerals
• produces blood cells
Organs: Bones
• produces and transports
gametes
• nurtures and gives birth to
offspring in females
Organs: Testes, penis, ovaries,
uterus, vagina
Figure Organ systems of the body.

6. What are the body cavities?
4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What are the body cavities?
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Cranial
cavity:
Contains brain
plurae
Thoracic cavity:
Contains esophagus,
heart, and lungs
Dorsal
cavity
pericardium
Vertebral
cavity:
contains
spinal cord
Abdominal cavity:
contains digestive
and other organs
peritoneum
Thoracic
cavity:
contains heart,
lungs, and
esophagus
diaphragm
Pelvic cavity:
contains reproductive
and other organs b.
Abdominal
cavity:
Contains stomach,
liver, spleen,
pancreas,
gallbladder,
and intestines
Ventral
cavity
Pelvic
cavity:
contains
reproductive
and other
organs a.
Figure Body cavities of humans.

7. What about the body membranes that line the cavities?
4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What about the body membranes that line the cavities?
___________ membranes – line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
__________ membranes – line the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity and cover the internal organs; named after their location
Pleura: lungs
Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs
Pericardium: heart

8. What about the body membranes that line the cavities?
4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes
What about the body membranes that line the cavities?
Synovial membranes – line the cavities of freely movable joints
Meninges – cover the _____ and __________

9. 4.8 Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
It is the ability to maintain a relatively constant ________ environment in the body.
The ________ and _________ systems are key in maintaining homeostasis.
Changes from the normal tolerance limits result in illness or even death.

10. All systems are important in maintaining homeostasis
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Endocrine System
All systems of the body contribute to
maintain homeostasis. These systems
in particular are especially note worthy.
Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which
also regulate and coordinate the activities of
other systems. Works more slowly than the
nervous system.
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Regulates and coordinates the activities of all
the other systems. It responds quickly to
internal and external stimuli.
Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells
and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps
regulate the acid–base balance of the blood.
Cardiovascular System
Urinary System
Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue
cells and transports wastes away from cells.
Also transports hormones secreted by the
endocrine glands.
Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes.
Regulates water–salt balance of the blood.
Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the
blood.
Digestive System
Lymphatic System
Supplies blood with nutrients and water for
tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible
remains.
Helps maintain blood volume by collecting
excess tissue fluid and returning it via
lymphatic vessels to the cardio vascular veins.
Defends against disease.
Figure Homeostasis by the organ systems of the human body.
Muscular System
Integumentary System
Produces heat that maintains body
temperature. Protects and supports internal
organs.
Helps maintain body temperature and protects
internal organs.

11. What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis?
__________ feedback – the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus
__________ feedback – brings about an increasing change in the same direction as the original stimulus

12. Negative feedback The primary mechanism for maintaining ____________
4.8 Homeostasis
Negative feedback
The primary mechanism for maintaining ____________
The output of the system __________ the original stimulus
Has 2 components
sensor
control center
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Control center
sends data to control center
directs response to stimulus
Sensor
Effect
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
too much
Homeostasis
too little
Figure Negative feedback mechanisms.

13. An example of negative feedback: Body temperature
4.8 Homeostasis
An example of negative feedback: Body temperature
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Control center
sends data to
control center
directs response
to stimulus
98.6°F set point
Sensor
Effect
Blood vessels dilate;
sweat glands secrete.
negative feedback
and return to normal
temperature
stimulus
above normal
Normal body temperature
below normal
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
Effect
Sensor
Blood vessels constrict;
sweat glands are inactive;
shivering may occur.
Control center
directs response
to stimulus
Figure Body temperature homeostasis.
sends data to
control center
98.6°F set point

14. 4.8 Homeostasis
Positive feedback
A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in _________________
An example is the secretion of oxytocin during birth to continually increase _____________ ____________
Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise