1. Endocrine System

2. Function Regulates mood Responsible for growth and development
Tissue function
Metabolism
Sexual function and reproductive processes in the body

3. Foundations of the Endocrine System
Hormones
Transfers information and instructions from one set of cells to another
Glands
Group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body

4. Types of Glands Glands can be divided into two groups:
Endocrine glands - glands that secrete their product directly onto a surface rather than through a duct.
Exocrine glands - secrete their products via a duct, the glands in this group can be divided into three groups:
- Apocrine glands - a portion of the secreting cell's body is lost during secretion - Holocrine glands - the entire cell disintegrates and secrete its substances - Merocrine glands - cells secrete their substances by exocytosis

5. Major Glands of the Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Thymus gland
Parathyroids
Adrenal glands
Pineal body
Reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)

7. Hypothalamus
Collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain
Maintains homeostasis
(examples: heart rate, body temperature, water balance, and the secretions of the pituitary gland)
Main link between the endocrine and nervous systems
Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary

8. Pituitary Gland
Located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus
Often called the "master gland" because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands
The production and secretion of pituitary hormones can be influenced by factors such as emotions and changes in the seasons

9. Pituitary Gland The pituitary is divided into two parts:
anterior lobe- regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. The anterior lobe produces hormones such as:
Growth hormone- stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's handling of nutrients and minerals
Prolactin- activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding
Thyrotropin- stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Corticotropin- stimulates the adrenal gland to produce certain hormones

10. Pituitary Gland Secretes endorphins: posterior lobe
helps control the balance of water in the body
Produces oxyton: triggers the contractions of the uterus in a woman having a baby
Secretes endorphins:
chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain

12. Thyroid Located in the front part of the lower neck
Shaped like a bow tie or butterfly
Produces the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine
control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy.
Help kids' and teens' bones grow and develop

13. Parathyroids Four tiny glands that function together
Release parathyroid hormone:
which regulates the level of calcium in the blood

14. Adrenal Glands Triangular shaped Located above each kidney
Each gland has two parts:
Adrenal cortex, the outer part, produces hormones called corticosteroids that influence or regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function.
Adrenal medulla, the inner part produces catecholamines such as epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. This increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress.

15. Pineal Glands Located in the middle of the brain Secretes melatonin:
hormone that may help regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake in the morning.

16. Reproductive Glands Main source of sex hormones are the gonads: Males
sex gland in which gametes are produced
Males
Male gonads, or testes are located in the scrotum
Secrete the hormone testosterone:
Which affect many of the male characteristics such as penis and height growth, deepening in the voice and growth in facial and pubic hair and sperm production.

17. Reproductive Glands Females
Female gonads, or ovaries are located on both sides of the uterus, below the opening of the fallopian tubes
Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Involved when a girl begins to experience breast growth, accumulate body fat around the hips and thighs, a growth spurt. Estrogen and progesterone are also involved in the regulation of a girl's menstrual cycle and pregnancy

18. Thymus Gland
Located in the upper part of the chest cavity, directly behind the sternum
Processes a type of white blood cell known as a T-lymphocyte.
They help cells recognize and destroy invading bacteria, virus, and abnormal cell growth such as cancer, and foreign tissue.

19. Pancreas Also part of the digestive system Produces two hormones:
Insulin and glucagon- work together to maintain a steady level of glucose in the blood and keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy

21. Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Main way to regulate blood levels of hormones.
Rising hormone levels inhibit further hormone release.
Example: The thyroid gland has secreted the right amount of thyroid hormones into the blood. The pituitary gland senses the normal levels of thyroid hormone in the bloodstream. Then the pituitary gland adjusts its release of thyrotropin, the hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

22. Gland Hormone Action Regulated by
Pineal
Melatonin
Sleep cycles
Light and dark
Pituitary
ADH
Retention of water by kidneys
Hypothalamus reponse to water/salt imbalance
oxytocin
Uterine contractions
Response to uterine stretching or baby suckling. GH
growth
hypothalamus
Prolactin
Milk production
FSH
Production of ova and sperm LH
Stimulates ovaries and testes
TSH
Stimulates thyroid
Thyroxine in blood
ACTH
Stimulates adrenals
glucocorticoids
Thyroid
T4 and T3
Stimulates metabolism
Calcitonin
Reduces blood Ca levels.
Ca levels in blood.
Parathyroid
PTH
Raises blood Ca levels
Ca levels in blood
Adrenal
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
Increase blood glucose, rate of metabolism; constrict blood vessels.
Nervous; sympathetic division
Steroids
Promote reabsorption of Na and excretion of K in kidneys
Change in blood volume or pressure.
Pancreas
Insulin
Reduces glucose
High glucose levels
Glucagon
Raises glucose
Low glucose levels
Testes
Androgens
Support sperm; male sex characteristics
FSH and LH
Ovaries
Estrogens
Female sex characteristics; stimulate uterine lining growth
Progesterone
Growth of uterine lining

23. Homeostasis: Menopause Diabetes mellitus Hypothyroidism
Late middle age, ovary function declines.
Diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Addison’s
Hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones
Cushing’s disease
Excessive output of glucocorticoids

24. Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Acromegaly

25. By Amanda Gonzales

26. References
An Ingegrated Approach to Health Science-Book
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology