1. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – Part 1
Chapter 11 is the introduction to Anatomy and Physiology with a Human emphasis necessary to pass the assessment test
Human Organization of the body: Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
We will start with “Tissues”
A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

2. 11.1 Types of Tissues Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body
Epithelial: lines body surfaces and cavities
Connective: supports and bonds body parts
Muscular: moves the body and its parts
Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses

3. 11.1 Types of Tissues
Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures; functions may also include:
Secretion (glands) (ex: sweat, tears)
Absorption – water and digested food
Excretion – urine and other wastes
Filtration – kidney function

4. 11.1 Types of Tissues
Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to Cell Type:
Squamous: Outer cells are flattened
Cuboidal: Outer cells are cubed shaped
Columnar: Outer cells are rectangular
Epithelial Tissue can also be classified according to the number of layers in the tissue.
Simple: Single layer of cells
Stratified: Multiple cell layers

5. Epithelial Tissue

6. Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

7. Cell Junctions
Cells with tight junctions: impermeable barrier, does not allow materials to flow in or out (epithelium of stomach lining – keep acid in stomach and not into tissue)
See Fig (a)
Gap junctions: membrane channels between cells; allows materials fo flow from cell to cell like ions and sugars ( in heart muscle, cells can rhythmically contract) See Fig (b)

8. Cell Junctions
Adhesion Junction: Cells adhere to each other by filaments, like being spot welded together (spot weld is the “desmossome”)
Hold cells tightly and provides strength to tissue (the filaments binding the cells at the plaque give much structural integrity)
See fig (c)

9. Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

10. Oh Deer
City Deer

11. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Connective Tissue Binds organs together
Provides support and protection
Fills spaces
Produces blood cells
Stores fat

12. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Components of Connective Tissue
Matrix: solid, semisolid, or liquid (non cellular material – solid to jelly like
Fibers:
White collagen (protein that stretches, elastic),
Reticular (thin collagen fibers, delicate, spider-web like)
Yellow elastic fibers, another protein, elastin, more elastic than collagen
Cells: various types (more later
Figure 11.3, pg 201, know this picture

13. Examples of Connective Tissue

14. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Connective Tissue Continued
Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and other substances.
Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many internal organs.
Dense connective tissue is found in structures such as tendons and ligaments.

15. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Connective Tissue Continued Adipose Tissue
Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat
Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ protection
Reticular Connective Tissue
Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in:
The spleen
The thymus
Bone marrow

16. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Connective Tissue Continued Cartilage
Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna
Three Types of Cartilage
Hyaline: contains very fine collagen fibers (nose, ends of bones, fetal skeleton, c rings of trachea
Elastic: has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, flexible
(framework of outer ear)
Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers, (pads between vertebrae and knee joints)

17. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Connective Tissue Continued Bone
The most rigid connective tissue
Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited around collagen
Functions: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation
Two Types of Bone
Compact bone (shafts of long bones)
Spongy bone (end of long bones)

18. Examples of Connective Tissue

19. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Connective Tissue Continued Blood
Transports respiratory gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
Transports nutrients and wastes (glucose, urea)
Involved with many aspects of homeostasis (ex. Temp.)
Helps protect us from disease (phagocytes and antibodies)

20. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Components of Blood
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes – anucleate)
Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen
White Blood Cells (leukocytes – nucleate)
Fight infection
Platelets
Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting

21. Blood

22. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Muscular Tissue
Muscle cells are called muscle fibers
Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments
Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movements
Types of Muscle Tissues
Skeletal
Smooth (visceral)
Cardiac

23. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac muscle
Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton
Cells are striated and multinucleated
Is voluntary
Smooth Muscle
Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the digestive tract
Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single nucleus
Striations are not present
Is involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Occurs in the wall of the heart
Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus

24. Muscular Tissue

25. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Nervous Tissue Neurons (nerve cells)
Conduct impulses
Sensory input, integration, motor output
Neuron structure
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Neuroglia
Support and nourish neurons
Microglia: phagocytic
Astrocytes: provide nutrients
Oligodendroglia: form myelin

26. Neurons and Neuroglia

27. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Body Cavities and Body Membranes Cavities
Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Lungs
Heart
Abdominal cavity
Visceral organs
Bladder
Reproductive organs
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity
Brain
Spinal cavity
Spinal cord

28. Mammalian Body Cavities

29. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Body Membranes Mucous Membranes
Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue
Goblet cells-produce mucus
Protective function
Serous Membranes
Line thoracic and abdominal cavities
Specific names according to location
Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs
Pericardial-encloses heart
Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms mesentery

30. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Body Membranes Continued Synovial membranes
Loose connective tissue
Line freely movable joints
Secrete synovial fluid
Meninges
Line the dorsal cavity
Protect brain and spinal cord
Connective tissue

31. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – part 2
I divided the presentations into 2 parts because it was too large a file

32. Biology 1308, Chapter 11
Organs are composed of many kinds of tissues and cells for organs (ex: heart- cardiac muscle, neurons, connective tissue, fat, etc)
Organ systems are groups of related organs working together (ex: heart and blood vessels work together; circulatory system)

33. 11.3 Organ Systems

34. 11.3 Organ Systems

35. 11.3 Organ Systems

36. 11.3 Organ Systems

37. 11.3 Organ Systems

38. 11.3 Organ Systems

39. 11.3 Organ Systems

40. 11.3 Organ Systems

41. 11.3 Organ Systems

42. 11.3 Organ Systems

43. 11.3 Organ Systems

44. 11.3 Organ Systems

45. 11.3 Organ Systems

46. 11.4 Integumentary System The Integumentary System Skin Hair Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands

47. 11.4 Integumentary System Functions of the Integumentary System
Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss
Helps to regulate body temperature
Synthesizes Vitamin D
Helps us to be aware of our surroundings

48. 11.4 Integumentary System Regions of the Skin Epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
Basal layer produces new cells
Cells harden and die as they push to the surface
Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof
Melanocytes - produce pigment

49. 11.4 Integumentary System Regions of the Skin Dermis
Contains collagen fibers that help prevent tearing
Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension
Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin
Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure, temperature

50. 11.4 Integumentary System Subcutaneous Layer Loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Insulation
Energy storage

51. Human Skin Anatomy

52. 11.4 Integumentary System Accessory Organs of the Skin Nails
Protect digits
Nail root- grows new nail
Cuticle- protects nail root
Lunula- white half-moon at base- thick layer of cells

53. Nail Anatomy

54. 11.4 Integumentary System Accessory Organs of the Skin Hair Follicles
Extend from dermis through epidermis
Arrector pili muscles-erect hair shaft- “goose bumps”
Epidermal cells in hair root form hair
Cells become keratinized and die as they are pushed away from root
Oil Glands
Associated with hair follicles
Lubricates hair and skin
Sweat Glands
Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin
Thermoregulation

55. 11.5 Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the relative constancy on the body’s internal environment.
Even if external conditions change dramatically, internal conditions stay within a narrow range.

56. 11.5 Homeostasis Negative Feedback
Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point.
Two components (minimum)
A sensor
A control center

57. Negative Feedback Mechanism

58. Negative Feedback A Mechanical Example A Human Example

59. 11.5 Homeostasis Positive Feedback
A change brings about a greater change in the same direction
Example: A fever brings about changes in the body that cause body temperature to increase even more (can be fatal)
Beneficial examples include blood clotting and the birthing process

60. 11.5 Homeostasis Homeostasis and Body Systems The Transport Systems
Cardiovascular system-pumps blood to and from capillaries for exchange
RBC’s- carry oxygen
Platelets-clotting
Lymphatics-collect excess tissue fluid / Purify Lymph
The Maintenance Systems
Respiratory system-brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive system-digests nutrients and removes wastes
Liver- manufactures products, detoxifies
Kidneys- fluid balance, pH regulation, waste removal

61. Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition

62. 11.5 Homeostasis Homeostasis and Body Systems Continued
The Support Systems
Integumentary system produces vitamin D
Skeletal system stores minerals, produces blood cells
Muscular system produces heat
The Control Systems
Nervous system and endocrine system function as control centers
Direct effectors to become active
Muscles
Glands

63. 11.5 Homeostasis Disease Breakdown in self regulation
Body no longer functions properly
Local disease
Restricted to one part of the body
Systemic disease
Affects entire body
Acute disease
Occur suddenly
Usually short duration
Chronic disease
Long term, less severe
Develop slowly