1. WHI.04: India, China, and Persia

2. Objectives
p. 043
WHI.4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilizations of Persia, India, and China in terms of chronology, geography, social structures, government, economy, religion, and contributions to later civilizations by
describing Persia, with emphasis on the development of an imperial bureaucracy;
describing India, with emphasis on the Aryan migrations and the caste system;
describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Hinduism;
describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Buddhism;
describing China, with emphasis on the development of an empire and the construction of the Great Wall;
describing the impact of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.

3. Essential Understandings
p. 044
Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley and spread to the Ganges River Valley, then through the Indian subcontinent. It continued with little interruption because of its geographic location.
The Indo-Aryan people migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blended their beliefs with those of the indigenous people.
During the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant contributions to world civilization.
Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.
Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today.
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a part of India that is in present-day Nepal.
Buddhism became a major faith when Asoka sent missionaries throughout Asia.
Classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated. Invaders entered China from the North. The Great Wall was built for China’s protection.
Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C. (B.C.E). Of Chinese contributions to civilization, Confucianism and Taoism are among the most noted.
Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations, Persia developed the largest empire in the world.

4. Essential Questions
p. 044
Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian civilization?
What impact did the Aryans have on India?
Why was the caste system central to Indian culture?
What were the accomplishments of the Mauryan and Gupta empires?
What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion?
How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture?
What are the beliefs of Buddhism?
How did Buddhism spread?
Why was the Great Wall of China built?
What were contributions of classical China to world civilization?
Why were Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism important in the formation of Chinese culture?
How did Persia govern its empire?

5. Why Do I Need To Know This?
p. 044
Almost one fifth of the world’s people today practice Hinduism and Buddhism.
The diversity of peoples, cultures, beliefs, and languages in India continues to pose challenges to Indian unity today.
The people, events, and ideas that shaped China’s early history continue to influence China’s role in today’s world.
The pattern of a strong central government has remained a permanent part of Chinese life.
Tolerance and wise government are characteristics of the most successful methods of rule.

6. India p

7. Aryan Invaders Transform India
p. 045
1. the Aryans were tall light skinned Indo-European warriors who invaded and
conquered India about 1500 B.C.
a. invaded India through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush mountains
2. had no writing system and counted their worth in cows

8. India

9. Aryan Invasion

11. Aryans

12. The Caste System p. 045 1. Brahmins – priests
2. Kshatriyas – rulers and warriors
3. Vaishyas – peasants and traders
4. Shudras – laborers
5. Dalits – the “untouchables” actually lived outside the caste system
6. people were born into their caste for life (could not move between castes)

13. Aryan Caste System

14. Untouchables

15. Hinduism p. 045 Origins/Writings
1. cannot be tracked down to one founder with a single set of ideas
2. most religious writings are collected in the Vedas and Upanishads
3. Hindus see religion as a way of liberating the soul from illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of everyday existence

16. Hinduism p. 045 Basic Beliefs
Moksha – a state of perfect understanding of all things; ultimate liberation of the soul
Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul or spirit over and over again) until moksha is achieved
Karma – (good or bad deeds) follows from one reincarnation to another and determines specific life circumstances
Dharma – the duties of your class
These ideas strengthened the idea of the caste system

17. Hinduism p. 045 Deity/Deities
1. The Brahman was sometimes seen as having three personalities
a. Brahma – the creator
b. Vishnu – the protector
c. Shiva – the destroyer
Hindus are free to choose the deity they worship, or even none at all

18. Brahma

19. Vishnu

20. Shiva

21. Caste System Activity Expectations and Duty
Jordan Vermillion
Expectations and Duty
Please keep your hands to yourselves (especially male and female)
Keep voices limited to a whisper
No arguing over outcome (best two out of 3)
Not doing your duty means bad karma
Any unacceptable behavior will make you an untouchable.

22. Jainism
p. 047
1. believe that everything in the universe has a soul and should not be harmed

23. Buddhism p. 047 Origin 1. founded by Siddhartha Gautama
2. achieved enlightenment after fasting and meditating under a fig tree for 49 days
3. became known as the Buddha “the enlightened one”

24. Buddhism p. 047 Four Noble Truths
first – everything in life is suffering and sorrow
second – the cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world
third – the way to end all suffering is to end desires
fourth – the way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path
1)Right View, 2) Right Intention,
3) Right Speech, 4) Right Action,
5) Right Livelihood, 6)Right Effort,
7) Right Mindfulness, 8) Right Concentration

25. Buddhism
p. 047
Nirvana – the Buddha’s word for release from selfishness and pain

26. Buddhism p. 047 Buddhism compared to Hinduism
Accepted the Hindu ideas of reincarnation and karma
Rejected the many gods of Hinduism – actually forbade people to worship a deity
Rejected the caste system
The final goals of moksha and nirvana are similar
8. Buddhist missionaries went to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and China
9. Buddhism never(p.66) gained a significant foothold in India

27. Buddhism
p. 047
Location
Buddhist missionaries went to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and China
Buddhism never gained a significant foothold in India

28. Buddhism p. 047 Different Sects
Mahayana – this group began to teach that Buddha was a god
a. they made Buddhism a religion that offered salvation to all and allowed worship
Theravada – held to the Buddha’s stricter, original teachings
a. a religion that emphasized individual discipline

29. Mahayana Buddha

30. Theravada Buddhism

31. Theravada Buddhism

32. Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC) p. 049 Founder – Chandragupta Maurya
united north India for the first time
created a highly bureaucratic government to hold his vast empire together

33. Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC) p. 049 Asoka Maurya (Ashoka)
brought the Mauryan Empire to its greatest heights
Was Buddhist, but urged religious toleration to Hindus
Spread Buddhism to China
4. built extensive roads so he could visit the far corners of India
5. also built free hospitals and veterinary clinics
6. Asoka’s death brought the end of the Mauryan Empire and India fell into turmoil

34. Asoka Maurya

35. Gupta Empire (320-550 AD) p. 049 Founder
Chandra Gupta I (not the same as Chandragupta Maurya)
majority of villagers were farmers

36. Gupta Empire (320-550 AD) p. 049 Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
expansion of trade caused an increase in the knowledge of astronomy
began to use a calendar based on the cycles of the moon, adopted a seven-day week, and divided the day into hours
proved the earth was round by observing a lunar eclipse
modern numbers, the zero, and the decimal(p. 178) system were invented in India
calculated the value of pi to four decimal places –
compiled two important medical guides that classified more than 1,000 diseases and more than 500 medical plants
learned how to perform surgery (including plastic surgery) and possibly gave inoculations

37. Pi

38. The Spread of Indian Trade Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)
valuable items of exchange (trade) – spices, diamonds, sapphires, gold, and pearls
caravan routes that crisscrossed central Asia were known as Silk Roads
traders used coastal routes around the rim of the Arabian Sea and up the Persian Gulf to bring goods to Rome
increased trade led to the rise of banking in India
traders spread religions to regions

39. Silk Road

40. China p

41. Warring States Period (475-221 BC)
1. Dynasties discussed so far
a. Xia ( BC)
b. Shang ( BC)
c. Zhou ( BC)
2. The warring states period took place during the last two centuries of the Zhou Dynasty*
a. a time period when seven* powerful states were fighting for control of all of China

42. Warring States Period (475-221 BC)

43. Confucius (Warring States Period)
Key to social harmony and good government
1. China if society was organized around five basic relationships
1) ruler and subject, 2) father and son, 3) husband and wife, 4) older brother and younger brother, and 5) friend and friend

44. Confucius (Warring States Period)
Filial piety – respect for parents and elders
1. his students collected his words in a book called the Analects
Confucius on:
Respect – “Respect yourself and others will respect you”
Honesty – “Virtue is more to man than either water or fire. I have seen men die from treading on water and fire, but I have never seen a man die from treading the course of virtue.”
Effort – “It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop”
History – “Study the past if you would define the future”

45. Confucius (Warring States Period)
Government
bureaucracy – a trained civil service, or those who run the government
stressed education as a way for career advancement in the bureaucracy
Less than 9th Grade
9th -12th grade
High school completion
Some College, no degree
Associate's Degree
Bacelor's Degree
Master's Degree
Doctorate
Men
27,964
33,435
43,165
50,359
54,861
82,197
99,516
129,773
Women
21,346
21,937
31,533
35,888
39,948
54,204
65,039
83,762

46. Daoism (Warring States Period)
Founder: Laozi
Key to social harmony
Natural order was more important than the social order
human beings should live simply and in harmony with nature

47. Legalism (Warring States Period)
Founders: Hanfeizi and Li Si
Keys to Social Harmony and Good Goverment
believed a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order
punishment over rewards
rulers should burn all writings that might encourage people to think critically about government

48. Yin and Yang (Warring States Period)
1. represent the natural rhythms of life; the two opposing forces of nature
2. yin – cool, dark, female and submissive
yang – warm, light, male and aggressive
Symbol is often used for Daoism

49. Mr. Newman World History I Coach Curtis Closing Activity
DIRECTIONS: On page 59, in the third row, answer the following questions in complete sentences
According to Hinduism and Buddhism, what is the reality of suffering, and how can a person end suffering? .

50. Q’in Dynasty (221-206 BC) p. 053 Government
the first ruler was Shi Huangdi, a Legalist (the first emperor of a united China)
autocracy – a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner
commanded all the noble families to live at the capital city
a. seized their land and carved China up into 36 administrative districts
4. murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars and ordered “useless” books burned

51. Warring States Period (475-221 BC)

55. Q’in Dynasty (221-206 BC) p. 053 Accomplishments
build a highway network of over 4,000 miles
set uniform standards for Chinese writing
built/connected the Great Wall of China(p. 100) to defend against attacks by nomadic invaders
a. 1,400 miles long, built along the tops of hills and mountains

58. Great Wall from Space

59. Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) p. 053 Important Leaders
Wudi brought the Han Dynasty to its height in power
established a centralized government

62. Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) p. 053 Civil Service System
Series of exams to pass in order to work for the government
worked so well it continued in China until 191
highly valued all Confucian teachings

63. Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) p. 053 Accomplishments/Trade items
paper was invented in 105 AD
established the Silk Road which linked China to Rome, Europe and the Middle East
traded silk, paper and porcelain for gold, glassware and wool
to unify the empire, the Chinese government encouraged assimilation, or the process of making conquered peoples part of the Chinese culture

64. Silk Road

65. Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 053
Science and Technology
Period of intense growth
with movable type, a printer could arrange blocks of individual characters in a frame to make up a page for printing
the development of gunpowder led to the creation of explosive weapons such as bombs, grenades, small rockets and cannons
other important inventions included porcelain, the mechanical clock, paper money, and the use of the magnetic compass

68. Movable Type

69. Gunpowder

70. Porcelain and Compass

71. Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 055
Agriculture
1. in about the year 1000, China imported a fast ripening rice that allowed farmers to harvest two rice crops, rather than one

72. Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 055
Trade and Foreign Contacts
Tang imperial armies guarded the Silk Road
During the Song period, China developed into the greatest sea power in the world
one major cultural export was Buddhism (their religion)
the Chinese became avid tea drinkers and producers

73. Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279 AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 055
The Golden Age of Art
the Tang produced great poetry
painting of this era shows a Daoist influence
artists did not use bright colors; black ink was their favorite paint

74. Closing Activity Closing Activity
DIRECTIONS: On page 60, in the first row, answer the following question in complete sentences
Please describe some of the accomplishments, and innovations of the Gupta empire.

75. Civil Service System
p. 055
1. the most important avenue for social advancement
2. a new larger upper class emerged, made up scholar officials and their families – called the gentry
3. the exams were open to all men, however only the wealthy could afford the necessary education
4. created a remarkably intelligent and capable governing class in China

76. Chinese Women
p. 055
1. women had always been subservient to men in Chinese society
2. upper class women’s status especially declined during the Tang and Song periods
3. foot binding was a custom for women that began during this time (Song Dynasty) and lasted into the s; women with bound feet were crippled for life, but reflected the wealth and prestige of her husband

77. Foot Binding

78. Persia
p. 57

79. Cyrus the Great p. 057 Location of Cyrus’s Empire
1. Persians were descendents of the Indo-Europeans
2. from 550 to 539 B.C., Cyrus conquered the entire Fertile Crescent(p. 92) and most of Anatolia(p. 92)

80. Cyrus the Great p. 057 Method of Governing most known for this
he was kind towards conquered people
a. allowed the Jews(p. 92) to return to Jerusalem
Honored local customs and traditions - would kneel and pray at local temples instead of destroying them
Conquered peoples enjoyed remarkable freedoms

81. Darius the Great
p. 057
expanded the Persian empire to include everything from Egypt to India (2,500 miles wide)
his only failure was he could not conquer Greece
Darius’s greatest genius lay in administration
divided the empire into 20 provinces, each was governed by a satrap
two other tools that helped hold the empire together were
a. an excellent road system; the Royal Road ran from Susa to Sardis (1,677 miles)
b. the use of standard money, which helped promote trade

82. Darius

83. Religion – Zoroaster (Zoroastrianism)
p. 057
Basic Beliefs
1. the world was divided between good (truth) and evil (darkness)
2. good was led by Ahura Mazda and bad was led by Ahriman
a. followers of Ahura Mazda would be lifted into paradise
b. followers of Ahriman would suffer forever in a fiery pit

85. Religion – Zoroaster (Zoroastrianism)
p. 057
Writings
1. the holy writings of Zoroastrianism were collected in books called the Avesta
2. developed the ideas about heaven, hell and a final judgment
a. similar concepts in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam