1. The Industrial Revolution
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What was the Industrial Revolution?

2. Great Britain, 1780s Causes 1. Agrarian Revolution
New farming technology (seed drill, fertilizers)
Increased food supply
Population explosion
Enclosure movement - consolidation of many small farms into one large farm

3. 2. Ready supply of money and markets
$ to invest in new machines and factories
Places to sell products
Entrepreneurs
3. Plentiful natural resources
Iron ore
Coal
Navigable rivers
Natural harbors

4. 4. Energy and Technology
Water power
Steam power

5. Factory System and Mass Production
New labor system
Longer hours to meet higher demands
Child labor
Harsh treatment, bad working conditions

6. Lbs. of imported raw cotton
Textile Industry
Production of clothing or fabric
Technologies:
Flying Shuttle (1733)
Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving
Spinning Jenny (1765)
Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than when spun by hand
Power Loom (1785)
Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth
Year
Lbs. of imported raw cotton
1760
2.5 million
1787
22 million
1840
366 million

7. Coal and Iron Coal Iron Ore
Steam engines replace water wheels and wood burning (1800s)
Fueled by coal (abundant resource)
Iron Ore
high quality iron
Industry booms
1740 – 17,000 tons
1780 – 70,000 tons
1852 – 3 million tons
Used for machines (trains)

8. Railroads 1804, steam locomotive (train) makes transportation easier
Railroad expansion leads to:
New jobs
Lower priced goods and larger markets
More factories and machinery

9. Riding the Liverpool-Manchester Railway, 1830

10. Spread of Industrialization
Spread to Europe
Belgium, France, Germany
Government funded roads, canals,
railroads

11. Social Impacts Urbanization Population growth Growth of middle class
Enclosure movement, attraction of work
Crowded, dirty cities (eventual reform)
Population growth
People live longer, more resistant to disease (increase life expectancy)
Growth of middle class
Industrial middle class (upper)
Business people and professionals such as doctors, lawyers
Industrial working class (lower)
Other professionals such as shop owners, office workers, teachers

12. Romanticism Art, Music Literature Emotion, rather than reason
Rebelled against middle class conventions
Interest in medieval era; exotic and unfamiliar
Art, Music
Reflection of artist’s inner feelings
Ludwig van Beethoven
Literature
Gothic
Frankenstein
Edgar Allan Poe

13. Realism Rejected romanticism Examination of real social issues
Literature
Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist
Art
Everyday life, ordinary people
Factor workers, peasants

14. The 2nd Industrial Revolution New Products and Patterns
Steel
Replaces iron
Railways, ships, weapons
Electricity
Electric lights - Thomas Edison
Telephone -Alexander Graham Bell
Guglielmo Marconi – first to send radio waves across Atlantic
Subways
Conveyor belts, machines
Internal combustion engine
Automobiles
Airplane
Mass production
Assembly line
World economy

15. Calls for Reform Karl Marx and Frederich Engels
1848, wrote The Communist Manifest
Blamed industrial capitalism for the terrible factory working conditions
Marx said all of world history was a “history of class struggles”
Oppressors (Bourgeoisie - owners of the means of production, middle class)
vs.
the Oppressed (Proletariat - owned nothing, working class)
Class struggle would lead to revolution  proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie  establish a classless society

16. Early Socialism
Economic system where government owns and controls means of production (factories, utilities)
People work in cooperation, not competition
More even distribution of wealth
Utopian society

17. Workers and Factories City Reforms
Fought to improve working conditions, hours, wages
Collective bargaining
Union strikes
City Reforms
Boards of health created to improve housing
Building inspectors
Running water and internal drainage systems

18. Society Another (lower) Middle Class Women’s Experiences Education
Traveling salespeople, telephone operators, department sales people, secretaries
Women’s Experiences
Took jobs as clerks, typists, secretaries, teachers, nurses
Fight for suffrage
Education
Mass society = compulsory education

19. Effects of the Revolution
New Class Structure
Upper – very rich industrial and business families
Middle – (upper, middle, lover) growth; Higher standard of living!
Lower - factory workers and peasants
Urbanization
Growth of cities (population)
Unsanitary conditions  eventually sought reform
Improved transportation
Roads, canals, railroads, steam locomotives, steam-engine ships
Mass Production
Factories
Machines
Cheap labor – poor working conditions  eventually sought reform
Rise of Big Business
Factories – mass production
Selling of stock
Growth of companies
Laissez-faire Economics
Capitalism
Supply and demand