1. Chapter 19, Section 1 and Chapter 20, Section 1

2. Chapter 19, Section 1

3. Industrial Revolution in Britain  Industrial Revolution began in Britain in 1780s  Why did it start in Britain? Improved agricultural practices ○ Dramatic increase in food supply Population grew, creating a large labor force Many British were very wealthy ○ Entrepreneurs – people interested in funding new business to make a profit Large supply of natural resources Colonial empire provided several markets for goods

4. Inventions and Inventors  Cotton production James Watt improves the steam engine ○ Plays large part in Britain’s Industrial Revolution Steam power used to spin and weave cotton Increases the need for coal  Coal and iron industries Coal production increases Henry Cort develops puddling ○ Coal is used to burn away impurities in iron ore, creating high quality iron ○ Iron was used to create new machines and new modes of transportation

5. Inventions and Inventors  Railroads played key role in the success of the Industrial Revolution 1804 – First steam-powered train runs in Britain Building railroads creates new jobs Less expensive transportation = lower-priced goods More sales = more machinery built = more money!  Factory is another key element New labor system ○ Design work shifts ○ Fined for being late and released for misconduct ○ Child laborers were often beaten

6. Spread of Industrialization  By mid-1800s, Britain is world’s richest industrial nation  Industrialization spreads throughout world over many decades Spreads first throughout Europe Industrial Revolution also occurs in the United States in the 1800s ○ Robert Fulton invents the steamboat, making transportation easier ○ Most important development in U.S. was the railroad

7. Social Impact on Europe  Growth of population and cities More people were better fed People move from country to cities for work ○ Rapid growth of cities leads to poor living conditions  Two new social classes emerge Industrial middle class Industrial working class

8. Social Impact on Europe  Industrial middle class Made up of people who built factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were located ○ Were ambitious and, often, greedy  Industrial working class Workers in the factories ○ Worked long hours (12-16 hours/day) for 6 days a week with only 30 minute breaks ○ No minimum wage

9. Social Impact on Europe  Industrial Revolution gave rise to the idea of socialism System in which the government owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities Came mostly from intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people ○ Replace competition with cooperation

10. Chapter 20, Section 1

11. New Products Emerge  Steel replaces iron Can build lighter, faster, and smaller machines, engines, railways, ships, and weapons  Electricity as a new form of energy Easily converted to heat, light, and motion through use of wires Gives birth to a series of new inventions ○ Thomas Edison (USA) and Joseph Swan (Britain) invent the light bulb ○ Alexander Graham Bell – telephone ○ Gugliemo Marconi – sent first radio waves across Atlantic

12. New Products Emerge  Internal combustion engine Gives rise to ocean liners, airplanes, cars ○ Oliver and Wilbur Wright made the first flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina ○ First passenger service plane in 1919

13. New Patterns  Workers’ wages increase and prices are lower after 1870  First department stores emerge, selling a range of consumer goods  Europe is divided Industrial countries – Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, northern Italy, Netherlands Agricultural countries – southern Italy, Austria- Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Russia

14. Organizing the Working Class  Karl Marx and The Communist Manifesto Appalled by horrible conditions in factories Solution was to create a new social system – known as communism ○ Believed all of world history was a series of class struggles between the oppressors and oppressed ○ Said there would eventually be a revolution that produced a classless society  Working class leaders form political parties based on Marx’s ideas German Social Democratic Party becomes largest

15. Organizing the Working Class  Trade unions were formed Organizations of laborers from the same trade working for better working conditions, wages, etc. Won the right to strike in Britain in 1870 ○ Work stoppage called by members of a union to pressure an employer into meeting their demands Made considerable progress in bettering working and living conditions of working class by 1914

16. Comparing the Revolutions  First Industrial Revolution Gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal  Second Industrial Revolution Gave rise to steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum