1. Native Americans of North America
President Calvin Coolidge with four Osage Indians after Coolidge signed the bill granting Indians full citizenship in 1924.

2. Five Eastern Woodland Tribes formed the Iroquois League
Seneca
Cayuga
Onondaga
Oneida
Mohawk
Iroquois in New York; from Maine through the Carolina’s and down into Florida; East of the Mississippi
What modern day states did the Eastern Woodland tribes live in?

3. The Five tribes that formed the Iroquois League lived in the same Cultural Region
What is culture?
The set of shared attitudes, values, and practices that describe a group of people.
What is a Cultural Region?
A cultural region is an area in which people with similar cultures live.

4. Iroquois Shelter
Iroquois lived in longhouses that were arranged like villages. Sometimes they would need temporary shelter when hunting and would make a wigwam and some of the shaman lived alone in wigwams in the village too.

5. Iroquois Clothing
Iroquois people mainly wore shirts, pants, leggings, robes and capes. The men wore feathers in their hair and wore jewellery all over their body. Most of them wore a ring in their nostrils. The woman wore skirts, and robes mainly made out of deer skin. They wore moccasins as their footwear. After the 1600’s the Iroquois started to use clothing made of cloth; prior to that all clothes were made of animal hide and even some cornhusks.

6. Iroquois Food
The Iroquois were farming people. Iroquois women did most of the farming, planting crops of corn, beans, and squash and harvesting wild berries and herbs. Iroquois men did most of the hunting, shooting deer and elk and fishing in the rivers. Iroquois Indian dishes included cornbread, soups, and stews cooked on stone hearths.

7. Iroquois Language
Native American Words Used Today
Bayou
Dakota
Caribou
Jaguar
Savannah
Blizzard
Ohio
Nebraska
Poncho
Hammock
Parka
There were six different languages spoken by the Iroquois nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida,  Onondaga, Cayuga, and Tuscarora. These languages are all related to each other, just as the European languages Spanish, French, and Italian are all related to each other. Some Iroquois people could speak more than one of these languages. In particular, important Iroquois men usually learned Mohawk, because Mohawk was the language they usually used at the Great Council and at Iroquois religious festivals. 
Dakota-good friend-Ohio good river Nebraska-flat water

8. Iroquois Religion
Religious Beliefs-The supernatural world of the Iroquois included many deities, the most important of which was Great Spirit, who was responsible for the creation of human beings, the plants and animals, and the forces of good in nature. The Iroquois believed that the Great Spirit guided the lives of ordinary people. Other important deities were Thunder and the Three Sisters, the spirits of Maize, Beans, and Squash.

9. Iroquois Beliefs
The Iroquois believed in many spirit forces created by a supreme being. There were Sky Spirits like the wind, sun, moon and stars and the Earth Spirits like animals and plants. 
     Each village had a special longhouse where ceremonies were held. The most sacred traditions to the Iroquois were the rituals involving the false faces or medicine masks. No two masks were ever the same but they all had to have a crooked nose to honor the fabled giant who promised to protect the People. Men who wore these masks were believed to have the power to drive away the evil spirit of illness or injury. 

10. Iroquois Today Iroquois Reservations
The Iroquois people of today live in seventeen scattered communities in New York State, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Ontario, and Quebec. Some also live in eastern urban centers such as Rochester and Brooklyn.
Iroquois do not live in teepees or bark houses. A few log cabins can be found on reservations, and these may date back to the Revolution, when all Iroquois gave up living in their traditional elm bark Ionghouses. Today most Iroquois live in frame houses, modular homes, or trailers. A few farm their land and some have small kitchen gardens. Much of their land Is left in its natural state. Often a state or local highway cuts through the land, with a sign posted to alert the driver that they are on Indian territory.
Depending upon the community, there are convenience stores, gas stations, churches, nursing homes, libraries, auto repair shops, or other commercial enterprises, such as beauty parlors, lumber mills, banks, construction companies or even a shopping mall on the land and a few Iroquois advertise crafts for sale at small shops or at their homes. Smoke shops and Bingo halls are also becoming familiar at some communities. Some have culture centers and museums.

11. The Great Plains Indians
Sioux or Lakota
Pawnee
Osage
Cheyenne
 Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota,Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming, 
What modern day states were included in the territory of the Plains Indians?

12. Plains Indian Shelter
The Plains Indians lived in lodges that were built along a river and grouped into villages; lodges were made of earth packed onto a wood frame and built over a deep hole. While hunting buffalo, they lived in tepees made of buffalo hide

13. Plains Indian Clothing
The men wore long shirts , breechcloths, long leggings, a belt and moccasins. The women wore long dresses , short leggings (knee-high) and moccasins. The dresses were made of hide that draped over the shoulders. The sides were sewn together with sinew or leather strips.

14. Plains Indian Food

15. The Plains Indians Hunted Buffalo
What do we know about buffalo?
How Were they used?
meat - roasted on the campfire, boiled, for pemmican and jerky, sausages
hides with the hair left on - winter clothing, gloves, blankets, robes, costumes for ceremonies or for hunting.
hides - ropes, blankets, shields, clothing, bags, tipi covers, bull boats, sweat lodge covers, containers, drums
sinew (muscles) - bowstrings, thread for sewing, webbing for snowshoes
bones - for making hoes, shovels, runners for sleds, pointy tools, knives, pipes, scrapers, arrowheads
horns - spoons, cups, bowls, containers to carry tobacco, medicine or gunpowder, headdresses, arrow points, toys
hair - rope, pillow stuffing, yarn, shields, medicine balls
beard - decoration on clothes and weapons
tail - fly swatter, whip, tipi decoration
brain - used for tanning the hides (to soften the skin)
hoofs - rattles, boiled to make glue
fat - paint base, hair grease, for making candles and soap
dung (manure chips) - fuel for campfires and smoke signals
teeth - for decorating, necklaces
stomach - containers for water and for cooking
bladder - medicine bag, water container, pouches
skull - ceremonies and prayer
A full grown male buffalo weighs approximately 2000 lbs.
Buffalo can run 30 mph

16. Plains Indian Religion
Religion was an important part of a Great Plains Indian’s life, as they believed that all things were connected to religion, as they possessed spirits. Their worship was centered on one main god, Wakan Tanka, or the Great Spirit. The Great Spirit had power over everything that had ever existed, and the Indians thought that by worshipping him, they would get stronger.
Earth was also quite important, as she was the mother of all spirits.

17. Plains Indian Beliefs
DREAM CATCHERS The Dream Catcher was made from a hoop of bent willow with a webbing of sinew. It was hung from a baby's cradleboard or near the sleeping area. It was believed to sort dreams. The bad dreams were caught in the web, while the good dreams flowed through to the dreamer. To the Plains Indians dreams held much meaning. 
SWEAT LODGE The sweat lodge was a dome-shaped tent made of willow branches covered with hides and blankets. In the center of the lodge was a pit.  The sweat lodge ceremony was used for physical and spiritual purification (cleansing), for meditation and prayer, or in preparation for other ceremonies. 

18. Plains Indians and the Buffalo
In the second-half of the 19th century European buffalo hunters, armed with powerful, long-range rifles, began killing the animal in large numbers. Individual hunters could kill 250 buffalo a day. By the 1880s over 5,000 hunters and skinners were involved in this trade.
In 1800 there were around 60 million buffalo in North America. By 1890 this number had fallen to 750. The Plains Indians had now no means of independent sustenance and had to accept the government policy of living on Indian Reservations.

19. Plains Indians Today
Today about 12,000 Cheyenne live on the great plains, mainly in Montana on a government reservation. Many Cheyenne follow traditions to keep their language and culture alive.
Teacher and students at the Nizipuhwasin Blackfeet Native Language Immersion School on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Browning, Mont., 2001

20. The Southwest Desert The Pueblo Indians lived in villages and farmed
Hopi
Zuni
Other Southwestern Indians hunted
Apache
And other Southwestern Indians raised sheep
The Navajo
What modern day states are in the Southwestern cultural region?
They included the Anasazi, who erected cliff houses in northern Arizona and New Mexico, Utah and Colorado; the Hohokam, who dug complex irrigation systems in central Arizona; and the Mogollon, who hunted and farmed along the rivers of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. Water was a precious natural resource in Southwestern societies, which kept strict rules about its use down to the youngest child.

21. Southwestern Indians
The Pueblo Indians are thought to have descended from the Anasazi. They lived in villages and used irrigation to grow corn, beans, squash and cotton.

22. Southwest Pueblo Indians
Most Apache people lived in wickiups, which are simple wooden frames covered by a matting of brush and sometimes a buffalo-hide tarp.

23. Pueblo Indian Clothes

24. Southwest Indians Apache Food
The Apaches were not farming people like their cousins the Navajos. Primarily they were hunters. Apache men hunted buffalo, deer, antelope, and small game, while women gathered nuts, seeds, and fruit from the environment around them. Although they were not farmers, the Apaches still ate corn frequently. They got it by trading with the Pueblo tribes and the Spanish, or by capturing it during raids. 

25. Apache Indian Clothes
Geronimo is wearing traditional apache attire, white cotton tunic which became part of their traditional dress after trading with the Mexican tribes

26. Southwestern Navajo
Navajo people lived in hogans, which are traditional earth houses. A hogan is made of a special wood framework packed with clay into a domed shape, with the door facing east.

27. Navajo Clothes

28. Navajo Food
The principal food is mutton, boiled, and corn prepared in many ways. Flour was obtained from traders an eaten this was made into small cakes, which are cooked over the embers like Mexican tortillas.

29. Southwestern Culture Villagers Hopi (Northern) Pueblo (Northern)
Zuni (Northern)
Farmers
Mojave (Colorado River)
Pima (Central/Southern Arizona)
Yaqui (Central/Southern Arizona)
Yuma, Cocopah and Maricopa (Colorado River)
Nomads
Apache (Northern)
Navajo, later pastoral (Northern)
Papago (Central/Southern Arizona)

30. Southwestern Culture
the Southwest Indians were generally characterized by animism and shamanism. Animists perceive the world as filled with living entities: spirit-beings that animate the sun, moon, rain, thunder, animals, plants, topographic features, and many other natural phenomena. Shamans were knowledgeable men and women that were leaders in the community.

31. The Northwest Indians Kwakiutl Various Tribal groups formed the
Chinookan Nation
In what modern day states did the Northwestern Indians live?
Cathlacomatup, Cathlacumup, Cathlakaheckit, Cathlamet, Cathlanahquiah, Cathlapotle, Cathlathlalas, Chakwayalham, Charcowa, Chilluckittequaw, Chinook, Chippanchick, Clackamas, Clahclellah, Clahnaquah, Claninnatas, Clatacut, Clatsop, Clowwewalla, Cooniac, Cushook, Dalles Indians, Ithkyemamits, Kasenos, Kathlgulak, Katlaminimin, Killaxthokle, Klemiaksac, Knowilamowan, Ktlaeshatlkik, Kwulkwul, Lakstak, Lower Chinook, Multnomah, Namoit, Nayakaukaue, Nechacokee, Necootimeigh, Neerchokioon, Nemalquinner, Nenoothlect, Scaltalpe, Shahala, Shoto, Skillot, Smackshop, Teiakhochoe, Thlakalama, Tlakatlala, Tlakluit, Tlalegak, Tlashgenemaki, Tlegulak, Upper Chinook, Wahe, Wahkiacum, Wakanasisi, Wappatoo, Wasco, Watlala, Willopah, Wiltkwilluk, Yehuh.
Washington Oregon California and up into Canada

32. Northwestern Indian Shelter

33. Northwestern Indian Clothes
Kwakiutl men didn't usually wear clothing at all, though some men wore a breech clout. Women wore short skirts made of cedar bark. In colder weather, both genders wore knee-length tunics, long cloaks of shredded cedar bark, and moccasins on their feet. For formal occasions, Kwakiutl people wore more elaborate outfits, with tunics, leggings and cloaks painted with tribal designs. Some important and wealthy Kwakiutls wore the spectacular Chilkat blankets.

34. Northwestern Indian Food
The people of the Northwest did not have to grow crops because the area that they lived in had an abundance of game for hunting and plants to harvest.

35. Northwestern Indian Culture
Potlatch
Totem Pole
The potlatch is a festival or ceremony practiced among Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. At these gatherings a family orhereditary leader hosts guests in their family's house and hold a feast for their guests. The main purpose of the potlatch is the re-distribution and reciprocity of wealth. Does the word potlatch remind you a party that we have today?
Potlatch

36. Northwestern Indian Beliefs
A shamen was an important person in this culture, people believed shaman could cure and they performed dancing ceremonies. Men and women could be shaman.

37. Native American Reservations

38. Native Americans Today
About 70 percent of Native Americans live in urban areas, according to the U.S. Census.  Many Native people, although sometimes thousands of miles away from their traditional homeland, still speak their languages or maintain ties with their reservation or Indian communities.  

39. Native Americans Today
Native Threads