3.  In Europe and America, there's a growing feeling of hysteria Conditioned to respond to all the threats In the rhetorical speeches of the Soviets  Mr. Krushchev said we will bury you I don't subscribe to this point of view It would be such an ignorant thing to do If the Russians love their children too How can I save my little boy from Oppenheimer's deadly toy There is no monopoly in common sense On either side of the political fence  We share the same biology Regardless of ideology Believe me when I say to you I hope the Russians love their children too There is no historical precedent To put the words in the mouth of the President There's no such thing as a winnable war It's a lie we don't believe anymore Mr. Reagan says we will protect you I don't subscribe to this point of view Believe me when I say to you I hope the Russians love their children too We share the same biology Regardless of ideology What might save us, me, and you Is if the Russians love their children too

4. I. Context A. Goals 1.U.S. 2.Soviets B. Atlantic Charter revisited C. Baggage (memories) 1.U.S. 2.Soviet D. Suspicion 1.U.S. 2.Soviets II. Relations in War Years A. FDR and Stalin 1.Cooperation 2.Ideology v. Interest 3.Arithmetic v. Algebra 4.Problems Unresolved (Germany, Japan, Eastern Europe) III. Cold War Issues A. Yalta, 1945 1.German Question a.Morgenthau Plan b.Strong German Economy c.Temporary Measure d.Temporary Occupation Zones 2. Eastern Europe a. Poland b. Declaration on a Liberated Europe B. Undecided 1. Economic Reconstruction of Europe 2. Atomic Bomb 3. Atomic Energy 4. Russian Help in Asia (against Japan) IV. Formulating a New Foreign Policy A. Our Response Options 1. Universalist-Symmetrical 2. Particularist-Asymmetrical 3. 5 Power Centers B. Response Type Options 1. Aid (military, economic) 2. Military Action 3. Alliances 4. Negotiations 5. Confrontation and Détente (cycles of)

12. Tehran Conference Yalta Conference

15.  The Allies decided to divide Germany into 4 zones after the war.  Also, the capital of Berlin was divided into 4 sectors. SEE next 2 slides 14

18. I. War Ends – 1945 II. Truman “Gets Tough” -1946 III. Containment Policy Develops (Europe) IV. Containment in Asia V. Effects on our Foreign Policy VI. Korea VII. Outcomes for the Truman Administration

20.  Final wartime conference  Big Three England = Attlee USA = Truman USSR = Stalin  Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe 19

21.  Stalin never allowed truly free elections.  Instead, communist governments were installed in many Eastern European nations.  Main Purpose? Protect USSR from invasion from the West 20

23.  George Kennan, career Foreign Service Officer  Formulated the policy of “containment”: US would not get rid of communism, but would not allow it to spread. US would “contain” communism where is already existed. 22

24.  Winston Churchill coined this term.  Famous speech on March 5, 1946 at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri.  CLICK for text and video of speech CLICK for text and video of speech 23

26.  Churchill felt that behind the Iron Curtain, the USSR was planning to attack and conquer Western Europe. 25

27.  During the late 1940s and early 1950s, America was rocked by sensational stories of Americans spying for the Soviet Union. 26

28.  Hiss worked for the US State Department.  Accused of being a spy for the USSR.  Found guilty of perjury. 27

29.  American Communists who were found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American nuclear bomb to the Soviet Union.  The couple were executed at sundown in the electric chair at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, on June 19, 1953. 28

35.  Berlin was in the Soviet Sector.  Stalin was not happy with a “small piece” of democracy in Eastern Europe. What did he do? 34

36.  June 1948, Stalin attempts to starve West Berliners into submission.  All rail and street access was blocked. 35

38.  American and British planes flew food and supplies into Berlin for 327 days.  Stalin lifted the Blockade by May 1949. 37

39. 38

40.  During the Berlin Airlift a group of pilots decided to help boost the spirits of the German children.  They organized a mission to drop candy to the children using parachutes made of handkerchiefs. 39

42.  NATO was established by a treaty in 1949  This organization established a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.  Original members were: United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Greece (1952), West Germany (1955) join also 41

43.  Communist Response to NATO. Signed on May 1, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland  Military treaty, which bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression.  Original Members: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Rumania, the USSR, and the Czechoslovak Republic. 42

45. 44 Cold War in Asia

46.  Mao Zedong wanted China to become a communist state after WW II.  Chang Kai Shek fought to stop the communists but was unsuccessful. 45

47. Mao Stalin John S. Service The Long March Taking Beijing Chaing Kai Shek

48. 47

49.  Chiang Kai-shek, retreated from Mainland China and moved his government from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan's largest city.  Taiwan made a claim they were separate from China.  Still a problem area today. 48

50. NSC - 68

52. Economic Alliances

53. I. Foreign Policy A. Options B. Problems C. Result II. Liberation and Rollback A.Pactomania B.Search for Security C.Economics D.Covert Operations E.Negotiations F.Germany G.Unresolved

54.  Defined as willingness to push nation to the “brink” of nuclear war to keep peace.  Policy advocated by John Foster Dulles; Secretary of State. 53

55. PACTOMANIA

56.  US exploded the 1st H- bomb on November 1, 1952 in South Pacific. That bomb completely destroyed one island and left a crater 175 feet deep.  Russians exploded one in August of 1953. 55

57. 56 That’s All Folks! In the immortal words of Porky Pig:

62.  Used spies to gather information abroad  Began to carry out covert operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States. 61

64.  One of the CIAs first covert actions tool place in Iran when Iran’s Prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Iran’s oil fields.  CIA worked to remove Mossadegh 63

65.  CIA “Operation Ajax” caused the downfall of Mossadegh from office.  The Shah, backed by the US, formed a government friendly to the US.  Operation run by Kermit Roosevelt, grandson of Theodore Roosevelt. 64

67.  Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and would not allow ships headed for Israel to pass through – all nations were supposed to have access.  French, English, Israeli force attacked Egypt.  After discussion, canal was opened. 66

69. Eisenhower Doctrine

75.  The early 1950s saw a change in leaders in both the US and USSR.  USA = Dwight Eisenhower wins the election of 1952.  USSR = Nikita Khruschev takes over when Stalin dies in 1953. 74

76.  The Hungarian people, tired of Soviet domination in their country, rose in revolt and called for a democratic government.  The Soviet response was swift and brutal: 75

77.  Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed 30,000 Hungarians and executed the resistance leader – Imre Nagy.  US and UN did nothing to help. 76

78.  On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I.  The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball.  Orbited the earth in 98 minutes. 77 Race to control space was on!

82.  U-2 was designed to be high altitude reconnaissance plane.  CIA used these to spy on USSR and one was shot down on May 1, 1960. 81

83.  Recruited by CIA to fly spy missions.  Shot down in U2 over USSR and convicted of espionage.  Exchanged for a KGB colonel the US had captured. 82

84. U-2 Incident

85.  Moving into the 1960’s, the Cold War was really starting to heat up with no end in sight.  The Cold War will continue in the 1960s with the world moving closer to an open conflict between the US and USSR. 84

86. I. Loyalty and Security A. Loyalty Defined B. Reason for … C. Credibility II. Action A. Smith Act (1940) B. Loyalty Review Boards C. H.U.A.C. (1948) III. “Tailgunner Joe” A. Source of Power B. A Name ….and more prestige C. McCarran Internal Security Act IV. Election Year A. Korea B. Economy C. Eisenhower v. Stevenson D. McCarthy’s Last Stand

87.  Was there reason to be concerned? YES ! Soviet domination of Eastern Europe China turned Communist – 1 billion people! 80,000 Americans members of Communist party 86

88.  Set up by President Truman in March 1947.  Purpose? Investigate Federal government employees and dismiss those disloyal to US  212 dismissed 87

90.  1947= House of Representatives  Investigate Communist influence in the movie industry 89

91.  Senator Joe McCarthy became the most famous anti- Communist activist.  Used the issue to help win re-election in 1950. 90

93.  Made one unsupported accusation after another.  He would bully witnesses.  McCarthyism = tactics used to advance your career. 92

94.  In 1954 McCarthy made accusations against the US Army.  Led to televised Senate investigation; and American people did not like McCarthy’s tactics.  His popularity dropped greatly. 93

96.  10 Hollywood screenwriters and directors who refused to testify before HUAC.  Charged with contempt of Congress.  Claimed 1 st Amendment right of free speech 95

98.  Following a meeting of film industry executives at New York's Waldorf- Astoria hotel, MPAA president Johnston issued a press release on the executives' behalf that is today referred to as the Waldorf Statement.  The statement declared that the ten would be fired or suspended without pay and not reemployed until they were cleared of contempt charges and had sworn that they were not Communists.  The first Hollywood blacklist was now in effect. 97