2. Personality A person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Brings continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations at different times.

3. Sigmund Freud Father of personality development. Psychoanalysis – Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders. Psychoanalytic Theory – Freud’s theory of personality.

4. Freud’s Theory Most of the mind is hidden. Unconscious Mind – The largest part of our mind. A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

5. Freud’s Theory Believed the unacceptable passions and thoughts we suppress in the unconscious mind influence our personalities and behaviors. Show themselves in the work we choose, the beliefs we hold, or daily habits, our troubling symptoms.

6. Freud’s Theory Psychic Determinism – Freud’s assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts.

7. Freud’s Theory Also viewed jokes and dreams as expressions of repressed sexual and aggressive tendencies. Freudian Slips! Libido – The Freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure.

8. Freud’s Personality Structure ID – Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

9. Freud’s Personality Structure Ego – The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates as the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

10. Freud’s Personality Structure Superego – The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

11. Freud’s Personality Development Psychosexual Stages – The childhood stages of development during which the Id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

12. The Psychosexual Stages Oral (0-18 months) – Please centers on the mouth – sucking, biting, chewing. Anal (18-36 months) – Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination – coping with demands for control. Phallic (3-6 yrs.) – Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Oedipus Complex Latency (6 to puberty) – Dormant sexual feelings. Genital (Puberty on) – Maturation of sexual feelings.

13. Psychosexual Stages Oedipus Complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers.

14. Psychosexual Stages Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent.

15. Defense Mechanisms Ego Defense Mechanisms – Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. Have anxiety because of conflict b/t the ID and Superego, or our desires and what society views as acceptable. The ego uses defense mechanisms to unconsciously defend itself against anxiety.

16. Examples of Defense Mechanisms Repression – banishes anxiety-arousing wishes from the consciousness. Repressed urges such as improper sexual desires often manifest themselves in dreams.

17. Examples of Defense Mechanisms Regression – Allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development. Faced with the anxious first days of school, a child may regress to the oral comfort of thumb sucking. College students homesick.

18. Examples of Defense Mechanisms Reaction Formation – The ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety- arousing unconscious feelings.

19. Examples of Defense Mechanisms Projection – Disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others. “He doesn’t trust me.” = “I don’t trust him, I don’t trust myself.”

20. Examples of Defense Mechanisms Rationalization – Unconsciously generate self- justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions. “All work and no play makes Jack (or Jill) a dull person.”

21. Examples of Defense Mechanisms Displacement – Diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings. Children who fear expressing anger against their parents may displace it by kicking the family pet.

22. Examples of Defense Mechanisms Denial – Protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or it seriousness. Dying patients may deny the gravity of their illness. Parents may deny their child’s misconduct. Spouses may deny evidence of their partner’s affairs.

23. Psychodynamic Theory Projective Tests Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments, such as the Rorschach and TAT, which are based on Freud’s ego defense mechanism of projection.

24. Psychodynamic Theory Projective Tests Rorschach Inkblot Technique – A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of ten inkblots.

25. Psychodynamic Theory Projective Tests Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – A projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures.

26. Neo-Freudians Neo-Freudians – Literally “new Freudians”; refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psycho-dynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality

27. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Personal Unconscious – Jung’s term for that portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to the Freudian ID. Collective Unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories,” including the archetypes, which exist in all people.

28. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes – The ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. Appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world.

29. Carl Jung: Personality Types Introverts – Quiet, shy, peaceful, calm. Extroverts – Sociable, outgoing, talkative, lively.

30. Karen Horney: A Feminist in the Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Anxiety – An emotion, proposed by Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment. Neurotic Needs – Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these 10 needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme.

31. Alfred Adler: An early split from Psychoanalysis Inferiority Complex – A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with its roots in childhood. Compensation – Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies.

32. Humanistic Theories: Gordon Allport Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic Psychology: Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thought and actions under various conditions.

33. Humanistic Theories: Gordon Allport Gordon Allport and the Beginning of Humanistic Psychology: Central Traits – According to trait theory, traits that form the basis of personality. Secondary Traits – In trait theory, preferences and attitudes. Cardinal Traits – Personality components that define people’s lives; Very few individuals have cardinal traits.

34. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

35. Developed this theory based on the study of successful people who achieved the highest levels: Abe Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Eleanor Roosevelt. Found they were: Self aware and self accepting. Open and spontaneous Loving and caring Not paralyzed by other’s opinions Interests were problem centered Enjoyed a few deep relationships rather than many superficial ones Most had been moved by spiritual or peak experiences Schuster is so coool!

36. Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective – Said that personality growth requires three conditions: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. Genuineness – Open with feelings, transparent, and self-disclosing. Accepting – Unconditional Positive Regard – An attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Empathic – Sharing and mirroring our feelings and reflecting our meanings.

37. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Fully Functioning Person – Term for a healthy, self- actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality. Phenomenal Field – Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings.

38. Positive Psychology Positive Psychology – A recent movement within psychology, focusing on desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology.

39. Social-Cognitive Theories Bandura’s Theory Observational Learning Reciprocal Determinism – The process in which cognitions, behavior, and the environment mutually influence each other. Bandura said these influence our personality.

40. Social Cognitive Theories Julian Rotter’s Theory Locus of Control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate.

41. Personality and Temperament Humors – According the ancient Greeks, four body fluids – blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile – that control personality by their relative abundance.

42. Personality and Temperament Temperament – The basic and pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and that establish the tempo and mood of the individual’s behaviors.

43. Personality as a Composite of Traits Five-Factor Personality – A trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimensions: Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

44. Assessing Personality Traits MMPI-2 – A widely used personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits.

45. Assessing Personality Traits Reliability – An attribute of a psychological test that gives consistent results. Validity – An attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what it is being used to measure.

46. Personality as a Composite of Traits Type – Refers to especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people.

47. Implicit Personality Theories Implicit Personality Theories – Assumptions about personality that are held by people (especially nonpsychologists) to simplify the task of understanding others.

48. Implicit Personality Theories Fundamental Attribution Error – The assumption that another person’s behavior, especially clumsy, inappropriate, or otherwise undesirable behavior, is the result of a flaw in the personality, rather than in the situation.

49. Other Personality Terms Neuroticism – Suscpetibility to neurotic problems. Extraversion – A personality descriptor indicating the “outgoing” nature of some individuals. Introversion – A personality descriptor indicating the quiet and reserved nature of some individuals. Eclectic – Either switching theories to explain situations or building one’s own theory of personality from pieces borrowed from many perspectives.