1. Human Geography: People & Places
Chapter 4

2. Section 1
The Elements
of Culture

3. Culture
The way of life of a group of people with common traditions, interests, and beliefs.
The total knowledge, shared attitudes, and behaviors of the members of a specific group.

4. Culture What aspects are included in your culture?
What aspects of our culture have we borrowed from others?
What aspects have other cultures borrowed from us?

5. Culture Involves these Factors
Food & shelter
Religion
Relationships to family & others
Language
Education
Security/protection
Political & social organization
Creative expression

6. Culture
Society – a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
Ethnic group – group that shares a language, customs, and a common heritage. An ethnic group has an identity as a separate group of people within the region where they live.

7. Cultural Change
Cultural Diffusion – the spread of people, ideas, practices, and goods from one culture to another.

8. Cultural Change
Acculturation – adapting traits from other cultures to your own (ex. wearing jeans instead of traditional garments)
Cultural contacts – travel & trade, migration

10. Cultural Barriers/Contacts
In the past…
Natural Barriers (deserts, mountains, rainforest, oceans)
People’s beliefs – lack of understanding leads to fear or mistrust (That is why the Chinese built the Great Wall of China)

11. Cultural Barriers/Contacts
Today…
Technology helps to overcome barriers (telephone, internet, television)

12. Culture
Material culture - all physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a cultural group, such as clothing, building, tools, instruments, furniture, and artwork; visible aspects of culture
Nonmaterial culture – wide range of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, superstitions, and customs that passes from generation to generation as part of oral or written tradition

13. Language One of the most important aspects of culture
Allows people within a culture to communicate with each other
Between 3,000 and 6,500 languages spoken in the world today
Dialect – reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes (ex. Southern drawl, a Boston accent)

14. Hello in Major World Languages
Chinese Ni hao 
English Hello
Hindi Namasthe
Russian Zdravstvuite
Spanish Hola
Arabic Al salaam a'alaykum
Japanese Konnichiwa 

15. Religion
Consists of a belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as creators and maintainers of the universe

16. 3 Types of Religions
Monotheistic - belief in one god (Christianity, Judaism, Islam)
Polytheistic – belief in many gods (Hinduism)
Animistic or traditional – often with a belief in divine forces in nature

17. Major World Religions Judaism Christianity Buddhism Islam Hinduism
Confucianism,
Taoism, Shinto

18. Section 2
Population
Geography

19. Demography
The study of populations including birth rates, death rates, and migration.

20. World Population

21. World Population 7,152,560,533 March 12, 2014 estimate
From population
Scientists estimate the population will be:
-8 billion by 2025

22. Population Pyramid
A way to analyze population that shows the age and sex distribution of a population

23. Population Distribution
The population pattern or where people live.
The continents are not evenly populated.
2/3rds of the world’s people live in the zone between 20°N and 60°N latitude
Most people live where the soil is fertile, water is available and the climate is favorable for growing crops and raising animals

24. Urban-Rural Mix More than ½ of world’s people live in rural areas
Number is changing rapidly because more people are moving into cities
26 giant cities, called megacities, are home to total of more than 250 million people
Largest is Tokyo, Japan with over 32 million people

25. Migration
Push factors – those that cause people to leave their homeland
Environmental conditions such as drought or other natural disasters
War
Persecution of certain groups of people for ethnic or religious reasons
More than 1 million Rwandans left their country for other parts of Africa because of civil war in 1994

26. Migration Pull factors Draw or attract people to another location
Countries with good economic opportunities and high salaries are the likely destinations for migrants
Favorable climate is another pull factor

27. Population Density
The average number of people living in a square mile.
Canada – 9 people per square mile
United States – 84 people per square mile
Bangladesh – 2,806 people per square mile

28. Population Density Comparing States Alaska - 1 person per square mile
Kentucky – 107 people per square mile
New Jersey – 1,170 people per square mile

29. Carrying Capacity Number of organisms a piece of land can support
Factors that affect carrying capacity include:
Fertile land
Level of technology

30. Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
When birth and death rates are more or less equal.
The ending of population growth when birth and death rates are equal.
This would require an average number of 2.3 children per family.

31. Countries with negative natural increase or zero negative increase in population...
Ukraine: 0.8% natural decrease annually; 28% total population decrease by 2050 Russia: -0.6%; -22% Belarus -0.6%; -12% Bulgaria -0.5%; -34% Latvia -0.5%; -23% Lithuania -0.4%; -15% Hungary -0.3%; -11% Romania -0.2%; -29% Estonia -0.2%; -23% Moldova -0.2%; -21% Croatia -0.2%; -14% Germany -0.2%; -9% Czech Republic -0.1%; -8% Japan 0%; -21% Poland 0%; -17% Slovakia 0%; -12% Austria 0%; 8% increase Italy 0%; -5% Slovenia 0%; -5% Greece 0%; -4%

32. Population Growth Rates
Rapid population growth presents many challenges including:
Producing enough food to feed the growing population
Shortages of clothing and housing
Nonrenewable resources are being used up at a rapid pace
Pollution
Crime
Three billion people on the planet struggle to survive on less than $3 a day

33. Section 3
Political
Geography

34. Nations of the World
State – an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal & external affairs (often the term “country” is used to mean state)
Nation – a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity
Nation-state – when a nation and a state occupy the same territory
Stateless nations include Palestinians, Kurds, & Basques

35. Types of Government Democracy/Federal Republic – U.S.A.
Monarchy – United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Norway
Dictatorship – North Korea, Belarus (Republic in name, actually a dictatorship)
Communism – China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam
Theocracy – Iran, Saudi Arabia

36. Geographic Characteristics of Nations
Size (physical size does not always equal wealth & power)

37. Geo. Characteristics Of Nations
Shape (The shape can determine how easily it can be governed, etc.) Compact – Germany, Long – Chile, Fragmented – Japan

38. Geographic Characteristics of Nations
Location
What are the disadvantages of a landlocked country (ex. Bolivia)?

39. National Boundaries Natural boundaries Artificial boundaries
Rio Grande forms border between Mexico and part of United States
Artificial boundaries
49°N latitude line separate U.S. and Canada

40. Section 4
Urban
Geography

41. Urban Geography The study of how people use space in cities.
Urban area develops around a main city called the central city.
The built-up area around the central city may include suburbs
Smaller cities with open land between them and the central city are called exurbs
Together the city, suburbs, and exurbs form a metropolitan area

42. Urban Geography
Megalopolis – formed when several metropolitan areas grow together
Ex. – Boswash – includes Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, & Washington D.C.

43. Land Use Patterns Basic land use patterns found in all cities:
Residential – single-family housing & apartments
Industrial – manufacturing of goods
Commercial – used for private business and the buying and selling of retail products
The core of the city is the central business district (CBD)

44. Models of Urban Structure

45. Section 5
Economic
Geography

46. Economy
Consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people.
Operate at local, regional, national, or international levels

47. Types of Economic Systems
Traditional (barter)
Command (planned, communism)
Market (demand, capitalism)
Mixed (combination of command and market)

48. Levels of the Economic Activity
Primary – extracts or harvest products from the Earth
ex. Agriculture, mining, forestry, fishing

49. Levels of the Economic Activity
Secondary – manufactures finished goods
ex. Automobile production, construction, engineering, textile production

50. Levels of the Economic Activity
Tertiary – service industry
ex. Retail and wholesale sales, entertainment, restaurants, transportation, tourism, banking, insurance, healthcare, law

51. Levels of the Economic Activity
Quaternary – intellectual activities
ex. Government, culture, scientific research, education, information technology

52. Developed Countries Good educational systems
Widely available health care
Many manufacturing and service industries
Industrialization
Participates in international trade
Modern farming technology
Modern telecommunications

53. Developed Countries World’s wealthiest countries
Includes most of the countries in Europe, the U.S., Canada, Japan, Australia, Singapore and others

54. Developing Countries Many people live by subsistence farming
Few manufacturing and service industries
Poverty and unemployment are widespread
Limited health services
Overcrowded schools
Low literacy rate
Modern telecommunication seldom found outside of major cities
Export minerals and agricultural products to developed countries

55. Developing Countries World’s poorer countries
Includes about ¾ of the world’s people.