1. Culture
The way of life of a group of people who share beliefs and similar customs

2. 2 Kinds of culture:
Material culture – things people make; food, clothing, art, architecture, technology
Nonmaterial culture – things that are necessary for society, but not objects – religion, language, government systems, patterns of behavior, education systems & attitudes about the roles of men & women

3. Cultural Diffusion
Spreading of knowledge, skills, and ideas from one group or individual to another. Examples: trade, migration, war

4. Cultural Convergence
Occurs when skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture.
Things blend

5. Cultural Divergence
When there are restrictions on a culture from outside influences.
Repressive governments often restrict
Movement into and out of the country
Transportation & communication (radio transmissions, newspapers, internet, etc.) into a country

6. Culture Hearths Where civilizations began and spread.
Mesopotamia – between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Iraq
Nile River Valley – along Nile River, Egypt
Indus River Valley – along Indus River, Pakistan
Shang – along the Yellow River, China
Also – Ganges (India) and Mesoamerica (Mexico) a little later.

8. Social Groups
A group that works together to meet the basic needs (food, water, and shelter) of a society.
The most important social group is the family.

9. Major elements of culture
Language is #1 unifying force
Government
Economics
Social groups

10. Language Families Diverse languages with similar roots.
We share the same language family – Indo European as Germany, Mexico, and most of India.
See map page 81

11. Acculturation
Adapting some traits from other cultures into your own culture

12. Ethnic Groups
People who share a common language, history, and place of origin (or a combination of these traits)

13. 5 major religions – sometimes called 5 “Great” religions.
Buddhism
Christianity
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism

14. World Religions
See map on page 82

15. Ethnocentrism Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group.
When taken to extreme – can be racism.

16. Migration
Movement of people from place to place

17. Push Factors
Factors that would promote migration AWAY from an area (famine, war, poverty)

18. Pull Factors
Factors that would promote migration TO an area (jobs, better schools, family)

19. Population Distribution
Pattern of human settlement – where do people actually live
Main factor in distribution is geography
Population DENSITY does not take into consideration uneven settlement patterns.

21. Culture Region
An area that includes many different cultures that have certain traits in common (economic systems, religion, government systems, and social groups)
See map on page 83 for our text. We will use:
US & Canada
Europe & Russia
Latin America
Southwest Asia & North Africa
Africa South of the Sahara
South Asia
East and Southeast Asia
Oceania

22. Civilization
Highly organized, city-based society with and advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, art, and science.

23. Agricultural / Neolithic Revolution
10,000 years ago, humans began growing crops on permanent settlements.

24. Industrial Revolution
Late 1700s AD – industrialization and mass production. Factories and machines replaced agriculture.
Started in Britain because of availability of iron ore, coal, and workers

25. Information Revolution
End of the 1900s (20th Century)
Computers began to make it possible to store huge amounts of information and send it instantly around the world
Computers aided humans in jobs

26. Demographics
Study of human population statistics

27. ZPG – Zero Population Growth
When birth rates and death rates are equal.
This is the goal of developed nations.

28. Doubling Time
The amount of time it will take for a population to double in size
At current rate – the world will have 12 billion by 2050