1. Information Technology I Special Topics Location Based Services

2. Agenda Emergence of LBS What is LBS? Basic Use Cases
Location Service Concepts
Research Issues
Privacy
Interoperability and Standard

3. Technical Business Innovations
1876 Telephone
1980 FAX
1995 Internet
1999 e-Everything
2000 m – GIS and LBS

4. Convergence The convergence of multiple technologies Internet
Wireless communication
Geographic information system
Location technologies
Mobile devices

5. Emerging mobile computing application
Often need to know where things are physically located.
Location services, wireless location services, mobile location-based services
Relating location to other pertinent information gives meaning and value
We need directions from one place to another.
We want to interact naturally with I/O devices available in our environment.
Allow that mobile users (MUs) use services based in their position or geographic location

6. Emergence of Location Based Services
1980
1990
2000
2005
Market Size
$1 Billion
$5 Billion
$10 Billion
GIS Market
Internet and Mobile
Location Services Market
Inflection
Point
Time

7. Nokia prognosis for 3G mobile communication
Monthly income pr. user in euro (1 euro = 1 USD ca.)
100
Location based services 90
Div. telecomm. 80
Commercials
Text messages
Entertainment 70
Photo messages
Information services
Payment transactions 60
Music and video
Internet surfing 50
Download from internet
Chat on internet
Multimedia messages 40
Vide conferencing 30 20
Normal speech 10
Fixed subscription fees
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011

8. Agenda Emergence of LBS What is LBS? Basic Use Cases
Location Service Concepts
Research Issues
Privacy
Interoperability and Standard

9. What is location-based service?
Definition 1 :
LBSs are information services accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and utilizing the ability to make use of the location of the mobile device. (Virrantaus et al. 2001)
Definition 2 :
A wireless-IP service that uses geographic information to serve a mobile user. Any application service that exploits the position of a mobile terminal. (Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC, 2005))

10. What is location-based service?
A two way communication and interaction
User : tells the information he needs, preferences and position
Provider : deliver information tailored to the user needs
To answer :
Where am I ?
What is near by ?
How Can I go to ?

11. LBS as an intersection of technologies

12. Basic Components

13. Agenda Emergence of LBS What is LBS? Basic Use Cases
Location Service Concepts
Research Issues
Privacy
Interoperability and Standard

14. Basic uses of Cases

15. Agenda Emergence of LBS What is LBS? Basic Use Cases
Location Service Concepts
Research Issues
Privacy
Interoperability and Standard

16. Location service concepts
The Device
Cell phone
Palm top
Lap-top
Kiosk
Car-based computer
Cell antenna
Mobile device
Display
 Actors

17. Location service concepts
The Location
Point and Reference
Segmented Line
Address
Route
Descriptive Directions
Gazetteer
Direction
Polygon
 Payload Items

18. Location service concepts
The Service
Routing
Avoiding Traffic
Tourism
Regional Attractions
Event Handling
Maps and Backdrops
Guidance
Preference
 Service Providers

19. Building Blocks of Location Services
Basic Functions
Demographics
Directory
Distribution
Position
Route
Proximity
Description
Suitability
Distance
Selection
Relationship
Area
Presentation
Inventory
Frequency
Pattern
Trend
Directories
Positions
Routes
Location
Servers
Reports,
GraphicViews,
Messages
Maps
Sites
Assets
Events
Service Points
Transactions

20. Location Services System Concept
GPS
Location
Content
Servers
App
Server
Database
Engine
Mobile
Terminal
Internet or
Intranet
GSM
Wireless - IP Platform
(Core Network)
Positioning
Gateway
Services
Network
Management
Control
OpenLS Interface Focus Areas
Location
(Application)
Service Client &
Positioning
SW/HW

21. Location Technologies
Network-based
Technologies that exploit the cellular infrastructure to obtain geo-location information.
Handset-based
Location intelligence is stored within terminal
Each of these groups may be divided into:
The MU uses signal transmitted by the base stations to calculate its own position
The base stations measure the signals transmitted by the MU and relay them to a central site for processing.

22. Location Technologies network-based
CGI+TA (Cell Global Identity + Timing Advance)
X,Y
Cell Size

23. Location Technologies network-based
UL-TOA (Uplink Time of Arrival)
Base Station 1
Mobile
Base Station 2
Base Station 3
=distance 2
=distance 3
=distance 1

24. Location Technologies network-based
AOA (Angle of Arrival) 2 1

25. Location Technologies handset-based
GPS (Global Positioning System)
AGPS (Network Assisted GPS)

26. Location Technologies handset-based
EOTD (Enhanced Observed Time Difference)
Difference 1-3
Difference 2-3
Base Station 1
Base Station 2
Base Station 3
Difference 1-2
Clock time 1
Clock time 3
Clock time 2
Mobile

27. Agenda Emergence of LBS What is LBS? Basic Use Cases
Location Service Concepts
Research Issues
The complete LBS system
Interoperability and Standard

28. Research issues Real-Time Location Information, Tracking,
where is the nearest incident investigation site?
Where is the nearest hospital, restaurant?
Tracking,
Traffic Monitoring and Routing,
Telematics,
Real Time Bus Location Information Systems.

29. Spatial Data Essential component of LBS architecture
Storing and analyzing spatial data
Geographical Information System (GIS)
Refers to the computer-based capability to manipulate geographic data
Maps or images can be stored in vector or raster format.
A spatial object must have:
Location: a known point
Form: a geometric representation
Attribute: the nature of the object
Spatial relationship: the boundary of an area

30. The Complete LBS System
Mobile
Network
LBS Application
Server + Spatial
Functions
Spatial Database
Billing Server
Service
Gateway
API
SMS, GPRS,
Wireless Internet
WML
WML/HTML BS
AGPS

31. Traffic Information Services is NOT So Simple (You are about to join a ten kilometer traffic queue)
Create a planned route
Periodically get device location
Position device on appropriate transportation network (usually streets)
Route May be expressed as segmented line expression
Examine planned route for obstacles
Compute work-around if obstacle is discovered
Process and Present (portray) work-around
Obtain background road networks with street and place names with scale and map up date as device moves
Highlight planned route
Highlight work-around route
Explain the obstacle

32. Maneuver Examples Turn onto street B Bear to remain on street A
U-turn on street A
Turn to stay on highway A
Turn onto ramp B
Turn to enter a roundabout: pass n roads before exiting
Entering a boat ferry
Turn to stay on street A (fork)
Stay straight through complex intersection

33. Advisory Examples Approaching a toll booth Exiting a tunnel
Entering a bridge
Entering a new country
Road name changes
Roads Merge
Approaching Intermediate WayPoint
Approaching Destination
Walk To Destination

34. Peak-hour Link Time Table Non Peak-hour Link Time Table
3:30 PM
4:00 PM
4:30 PM
5:00 PM
Peak-hour Link
Time Table
Non Peak-hour
Link Time Table
Origin
Destination

35. Forecasting Spatio-Temporal Link Travel Time

36. Cost Functions for Routing and Navigation
Find a route from my current position, stopping at a gas station for 10 gallons of gas, a pharmacy to pick up a bottle of Advil, and a flower shop for a dozen roses before arriving home. Three costs are involved:
the purchasing and stopping costs,
costs related to the time spent on the road, and
distance related costs such as gasoline used, and the wear and tear from the use of a car.

37. Interoperability and standard
Life without standards

38. Kinds of standards- Four Types
By Level of Coverage
International
Multinational, Regional
National
Local
By Level of Prescriptiveness
Recommended Practice: Advisory
Information Report: Informative
Standard: Normative
By Function
Design Standards
Interface Standards
Framework Standards
Performance Standards
Testing Methods
Terminology
By Development Process
De facto
Regulatory
Consensus

39. A conceptual architecture for LBS

40. Transferring geospatial Data between different h/w & s/w
Standard
S/W 1

41. Summary Several alternative location methods under development
Sensor driven
Each application has its necessary accuracy
Achieving accurate location in urban areas is challenging because of the effects of buildings
Standardization is focused on time-difference methods and the use of GPS