1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Michael Hall Chapter 18 Noninfectious Conditions: The Modern Maladies

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Objectives  Discuss chronic lung diseases.  Explain common neurological disorders.  Describe common gender-related disorders  Discuss diabetes and other digestion-related disorders.  Discuss the varied musculoskeletal diseases.  Describe chronic fatigue syndrome and job-related disorders.

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Noninfectious Conditions  Generally not transmitted by a pathogen or by any form of personal contact  Often develop over a long period of time and cause progressive damage to human tissues

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Chronic Lung Disease  Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) Bronchitis, chronic obstructive bronchitis, emphysema

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Asthma  Asthma is a long term, chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks air flow in and out of the lungs  Affects over 17 million Americans  Number of asthma suffers has increased more than 65 percent since the 1980s  World Health Organization estimates that between 100 to 150 million people worldwide suffer from asthma

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Emphysema  Involves the gradual destruction of the alveoli of the lungs  Person finds it difficult to breathe  Strong relationship between the disease and long-term cigarette smoking  Inadequate oxygen supply, combined with overexertion of the heart leads to premature death

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Bronchitis  Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes  Acute bronchitis is the most common  Chronic bronchitis is defined by the presence of productive (mucous-laden) cough most days of the month, over three months of a year for two consecutive years

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Allergy-induced respiratory problems  An allergy is the body’s attempt to defend itself against a specific antigen Hay fever affects over 18 million adults and 7.5 million children

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Steps of an Allergy Response Figure 18.1

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sleep Apnea  A potentially life-threatening condition that involves brief interruptions in breathing  Two types: Central Obstructive  Sleep lab  Continuous positive airway pressure device

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Neurological Disorders  Headaches Tension-type headaches Migraine Headaches Cluster headaches Secondary headaches

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Neurological Disorders – cont.  Seizure disorders Epilepsy Narcolepsy Grand mal Petit mal Psychomotor seizure Jacksonian seizure

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Neurological Disorders – cont.  First aid for seizures Note the length of attack Remove obstacles that could harm the victim Loosen clothing and turn victims head to the side Do not force objects into victims mouth Get help Reassure victim Allow the person to rest

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Neurological Disorders – cont.  Parkinson’s disease – chronic, slowly progressive neurological condition  Symptoms include: tremor, rigid muscles, slowness in movement, poor balance, difficulty in walking, slurred speech  Common risk factors Familial disposition Exposure to environmental toxins Past illnesses/disorders Trauma

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Neurological Disorders – cont.  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative neurological disorder in which the myelin breaks down and cause severe nerve malfunction  Symptoms vary  Most people with MS are able to lead normal lives with few “flare ups”

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Gender Related Disorders  Fibrocystic breast condition Noncancerous condition  Endometriosis Treatment ranges from bed rest to hysterectomy

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Percentage of Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes Figure 18.3

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Diabetes: What It Is and How It Develops Figure 18.4a

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Diabetes: What It Is and How It Develops (continued) Figure 18.4b

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes, by Race/Ethnicity, and Sex, 2004 Figure 18.5

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ABC News: Noninfectious Conditions Play Video˚ Play Video˚ | Noninfectious Conditions

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ABC News: Noninfectious Conditions Discussion Questions:  What is the incidence of diabetes among Native Americans over the age of 40?  How has the federal government contributed to the poor nutritional status of Native Americans?  What percentage of Native Americans on reservations are unemployed? Does this have a relationship to the high rate of physical inactivity?  In an area 50 by 100 miles and a population of 38,000 how many fitness centers are available to Native Americans on this reservation?

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Digestion-Related Disorders  Diabetes is the fastest growing chronic disease in American history  2,200 people are diagnosed each day in America  Pancreas produces insulin in insufficient quantities to allow the body to use or store glucose  Type 1 require insulin injections because insulin is not present in the body  Type 2 insulin production is deficient or the body is unable to utilize available insulin  Gestational diabetes can develop in pregnant women

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Acid Reflux: Symptoms, Complications, Prevention Table 18.1

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Other Diseases or Conditions  Lactose intolerance  Colitis and irritable bowel syndrome  Diverticulosis  Peptic ulcers  Gallbladder disease

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Musculoskeletal Diseases  Arthritis – over 100 types Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic inflammation  Fibromyalgia – muscle pain and extreme fatigue  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Scleroderma  Raynaud’s syndrome  Low back pain

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Other Maladies  Chronic fatigue syndrome Diagnosis depends on: Two major criteria: Fatigue persists for at least 6 months The absence of other illnesses that could be the cause of the fatigue Eight minor criteria: Headaches, fever, sore throat, painful lymph nodes, weakness, fatigue after exercise, sleep problems, and rapid onset of those symptoms  Repetitive stress injuries (RSI) BLS reports that 25% of all work related injuries are due to RSIs Carpal tunnel syndrome