1. BIO CP FINAL EXAM REVIEW

2. What is a hypothesis? ◦ Educated guess of what a scientist believes is going to happen in an experiment ◦ Let’s discuss some good examples of hypotheses for #2 ◦ Remember a good hypothesis MUST have your opinion and justification

3. What is an independent variable? ◦ Independent variable is what is being tested in an experiment

4. What is a dependent variable? ◦ Dependent variable is the result of what is being tested.

5. Identifying Variables ◦ A scientist wanted to test the effect of pH on the rate at which an enzyme worked. He placed the enzyme in three different pH solutions and measured the rate. He found that the enzyme worked best at an acidic pH of 4. ◦ Identify the independent and dependent variable

6. How could that data be represented? ◦ Graph- either line or bar ◦ Remember graphs must include: ◦ Title ◦ Units ◦ Labeled Axis ◦ Scaled Appropriately

7. How is the periodic table organized? ◦ It is organized according to atomic number of the elements

8. Using the periodic table…. ◦ Carbon: ◦ Symbol- C ◦ Atomic Number-6 ◦ Atomic Mass-12 ◦ Number of protons (equal to atomic number)- 6 ◦ Number of neutrons (atomic mass- atomic number)- 12-6=6 ◦ Number of electrons (equal to atomic number)-6

9. Bohr’s Model Steps for drawing: 1. Draw nucleus with protons and neutrons 2. Draw electrons in orbital rings outside nucleus 3. First orbit holds 2 electrons 4. All other orbits hold up to 8 electrons

10. What part of the atom is involved with bonding? ◦ Electrons- specifically valance electrons which are found in the outer most ring

11. Which atom is more active? ◦ An atom that doesn’t have a full valance electron orbital ring is more active so lithium would be more active. ◦ Remember- you can tell the number of valance electrons by looking at the number at the top of the column on the periodic table

12. What element must be present in an organic compound? ◦ The compound must contain carbon

13. What are 4 organic compounds and their main functions in our bodies? ◦ Carbohydrates  short term storage of energy ◦ Lipids  long term storage of energy, structural support ◦ Proteins  catalyze reactions (enzymes) ◦ Nucleic Acids  genetic blueprint (DNA) or instructions for building proteins (RNA)

14. Monomers…. ◦ Carbohydrates  Monosaccharide such as glucose ◦ Proteins  Amino Acids ◦ Nucleic Acids  Nucleotides

15. What is the theory most accepted as to how the earth was created? ◦ The big bang theory

16. What did Miller and Urey try to demonstrate in their experiment? ◦ Miller and Urey demonstrated the early earth conditions and tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life

17. What do scientists believe was the 1 st living organism on the primitive earth? ◦ The organism was: ◦ Prokaryote- no nucleus ◦ Anaerobic since there was no oxygen on the early earth ◦ Heterotroph- depended on others for food

18. What is the endosymbiotic theory? ◦ Theory that a larger prokaryote engulfed a smaller prokaryote giving rise to eukaryotes organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria

19. Question #18 ◦ The instrument known as a microscope is required to observe the basic unit of life known as the cell.

20. Levels of organization ◦ Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism

21. What are three differences between a plant and an animal cell? ◦ Plant cells contain a chloroplast ◦ Plant cells have a cell wall ◦ Plant cells have one large vacuole

22. Parts of a Cell ◦ Part A= cell membrane- out protective membrane ◦ Part B= Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- transport substances ◦ Part C= Nucleus- control center ◦ Part D= Mitochondria- produces energy (ATP) ◦ Part E= Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis

23. What process releases energy in the body? ◦ Cellular respiration

24. Chemical equation for Cellular Respiration… ◦ C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP ◦ Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide +water+ energy reactants products

25. Chemical equation photosynthesis ◦ CO 2 +H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 ◦ Carbon dioxide +water glucose +oxygen reactants products

26. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? ◦ The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration and vice versa ◦ The energy that flows through the food web (as consumers eat producers) comes ultimately from the sun ◦ Cellular respiration releases the energy stored by producers in the glucose molecule

27. Where does photosynthesis take place? ◦ In the chloroplast in of a producer

28. Complementary DNA ◦ TAC GAG AAC GGC ATT ◦ ATG CTC TTG CCG TAA

29. mRNA Sequence ◦ TAC GAG AAC GGC ATT ◦ AUG CUC UUG CCG UAA

30. mRNA codon translation ◦ AUG CUC UUG CCG UAA ◦ Met- leu- leu- pro- stop

31. Comparing DNA to RNA DNARNA SugardeoxyriboseRibose ShapeDouble strandSingle strand BasesATCGAUCG LocationNucleus onlyEverywhere in the cell ComplementaryA-T C-G A-U C-G

32. Definitions ◦ Translation- the process of decoding the genetic info in an mRNA sequence to an amino acid sequence ◦ Transcription- The process of converting the genetic info in a gene to an mRNA sequence

33. Definitions ◦ Replication- The process by which DNA copies itself before cell division ◦ Protein synthesis- Creating a protein via the flow of information from DNA-mRNA- protein

34. Compare mitosis and meiosis MitosisMeiosis Type of cell producedAutosomalGametes # of divisions12 Daughter cellsGenetically identical to parent cell Genetically different # of daughter cells24 # of chromosomes2n- diploid1n-haploid

35. Stages of Mitosis

36. Process that creates different gene combinations ◦ Crossing over during metaphase I

37. Stages of meiosis

38. Meiosis and sexual reproduction ◦ There are numerous outcomes from sexual reproduction because all the gametes are genetically different. ◦ Source of genetic diversity/ variation in the population