1. The Human Population and the Environment

2. Human Population and the environment
Population It is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area in a given time. Population density It is expressed as a no. of individuals of the population per unit area or per unit volume

3. Parameters affecting population size
Birth rate or Natality : It is the no. of birth per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Death rate: It is the no. Of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Immigration : It denotes the arrival of individual from neighboring population
Emigration: It denotes the dispersal of individuals from the original population to new areas.

4. Population Growth
The rapid growth of the global’s population for the past 100 years results from the difference between the rate of birth and death
In 1980 the global population was about 1 billion people. It took 130 years (1930) to reach 2 billion. But the population reached to 4 billion with in 45 years (1975)
Now we have already crossed 6 Billion and may have to reach about 10 billion by 2050 as per the World Bank calculations.

5. Trends of Global Population

6. Causes of Rapid population growth
It is due to the decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate
Availability of antibiotics, immunization, increased food production, clean water, air etc decreases the famine related deaths and infant mortality
In agricultural based countries the children's are required to help their parents in the field..

7. Global population growth trends

8. Characteristics of Population growth
Exponential growth: Now population growth occurs exponentially like 10, 102, 103, 104 etc, which shows the dramatic increase in global population in the past 100 years
Doubling time: It is the time required for a population to double its size at a constant annual rate. It is calculated as follows
Td (doubling time) = 70/r
Where, r = annual growth rate
If a nation has 2% annual growth rate, its population will double in nest 35 years.

9. 3. Total Fertility rates (TFR)
It is one of the key measures of a nation’s population growth
TFR is defined as the average number of children that would be born to a woman in her lifetime if the age specific birth rates remain constant
The value of TFR varies from 1.9 in developed nations to 4.7 in developing nations

10. 4. Infant mortality rate
It is an important parameter affecting future growth of a population
It is the percentage of infants died out of those born in a year
Although this rate has declined in the last 50 years, but the pattern differs widely in developed and developing countries

11. 5. Male - female ratio: The ratio of girls and boys should be fairly balanced in a society to flourish. But the ratio has been upset in many countries including China and India. In China the ratio of girls and boys is 100: Demographic transition: Population growth is generally related to be economic development. The death rates and birth rates fall due to improved living conditions. This results in the population growth. This phenomenon is referred as demographic transitions.

12. Problems of Population growth
Increasing demands for food and natural resources
Inadequate housing and health service
Loss of agricultural land
Unemployment and socio-political unrest
Environmental pollution

13. Variation of population among nations
At present the world’s population has crossed 6 billions. The existing population is also not evenly distributed, less developed countries have 80% population while the developed countries have only 20%.
LDC (Africa, Asia, South America) have 80% of the total population and occupy less than 20% of the total land area.
In the MDC like USA, Canada, Australia the population increases at the rate of less than 1%per year, but in the LDC’s tit is grater than 1% per year.

14. Variation of Population based on age structure
Kenya is the fastest population growing country, where 20 million people are residing.
China and India’s population was above 1000 million in 2000 years. Its share is about one-third of world’s population. Europe and North America accounts for 14% of the world
Variation of Population based on age structure
Pre –productive population (0-14 years)
Reproductive population (15-44 years)
Post reproductive population (above 45 years)

15. Age Structure
Pyramid shaped (India) Bell shaped (France) Urn shaped (Germany)
Pre reproductive age group is more. A large group of young age people will enter in to the reproductive age group which will increase the pop growth. Less no of old age people – less death
Pre reproductive age group population and reproductive age group population is more or less equal. So the people enter into reproductive age group will not change. Thus population growth is stable.
Pre reproductive age group population is smaller then reproductive age group population. In the next 10 years the people enter into reproductive age group will be less than before resulting in decrease of population

16. Population Explosion
The enormous increase in population due to low death rate and high birth rate is termed as population explosion. The human population is not increasing at a uniform rate in all parts of the world.

17. Causes of population explosion
Inventions of modern medical facilities reduces death rate and increases birth rate
Increase of life expectancy is another important reason
Eg. In 1959’s life expectancy – 40 years now it is 61 years
3. Illiteracy is another one reason for population explosion.

18. Effect of population explosion
Poverty: Infant mortality is one of the most tragic indicators of poverty. There are still 34 developing countries where more than 1 in 10 children die before she reaches the age of five.
Population explosion leads to environmental degradation
Pop. Exp. Causes over exploitation of natural resources. So shortage of resources for future generation
Increase in pop. increases the diseases
Over crowding of cities lead to development of slums
Unemployment
Lack of basic amenities like water supply and sanitation, etc

19. Family Welfare Programme
It was implemented by the Govt. of India as a voluntary programme.
Objectives of family welfare programme
Slowing down the population explosion by reducing the fertility
Pressure on the environment due to overexploitation of natural resources

20. Population stabilization ratio It is derived by the crude birth rate to the death rate. Developed countries PSR is 1 (indicating zero pop. growth) Developing countries PSR is nearing 3 Stabilization in developing countries is possible only through various family welfare programmes

21. Family welfare programme
It provides educational and clinical services that help couples to choose how many children to have and when to have them?
It proves information on birth spacing, birth control and health care for pregnant women and infants
It also has reduced the no. of illegal abortions per year and decreased the risk of death from pregnancy

22. Objectives of Family Planning Programme
(Or) Factors influencing family size
Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 infants
Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths, marriage and pregnancy.
Encourage late marriages and late child bearing
Encouraging breast feeding
Enables to improve women’s health, education, employment
Constrain the spread of AIDS/ HIV
Prevent and control of communicable diseases
Promote vigorously the small family norms

23. Fertility control methods (or) methods of family planning (sterilization)
Traditional method – It includes some traditions like taboos and folk medicine
Modern method
1. Permanent method - is done by a minor surgery
a) Tubectomy – It is female sterilization done by tying the tubes that carry the ovum to the uterus
b) Vasectomy – It is male sterilization done by tying the tube that carry the sperm
Both are simple procedures, done under local anesthesia, which are painless and patients have no post operative problems

24. Temporary method
Condoms : Condoms are used to prevent sperms
Copper Ts: Copper Ts are small objects and can be placed by a doctor in the uterus so that the ovum cannot be implanted, even if fertilized. They do not disturb any functions in the woman’s life.
Oral contraceptive pills and injectable drugs are available that prevent sperms from fertilizing the ovum.

25. Environment and Human health
Human health and environment are two inseparable entities. Generally a physically fit person, not suffering from any disease is called a healthy person.
Factors influencing human health
Nutritional factor
Biological factors
Chemical factors
Psychological factors
The environmental degradation is caused by dramatic increase in the world population. Millions of people die every year due to the illness caused by environmental pollution

26. Important Hazards and their heath effects
Physical hazards and their health effects
Sl. No
Physical Hazard
Health Effect 1`
Radio active radiations
Affects body cells, organs, glands
Causes cancer 2
UV radiations
Skin cancer 3
Global warming
Temperature increase causing famine, mortality 4
Noise
Painful and irreparable damage to human ears

27. Chemical hazard and their health effects
Biological hazard and their health effect
Bacteria, viruses and parasites - Diarroheas, malaria, parasitic worms, anemia, respiratory diseases, chorea
Sl. No
Chemical hazard
Health effects 1
Ox. of Sulfur and nitrogen, CO2and SPM
Asthma, bronchitis and other lung diseases 2
Industrial effluent
Kills cells and cause cancer and death 3
DDT and chlorinated pesticides
Affects the food chain 4
Heavy metals like HG, Cd, Pb, fluoride and nitrate
Contaminates water causing various diseases 5
CFC
Damages Ozone layer – skin cancer

28. Preventive measures
Always wash your hands before sitting for food
Cut short and clean your nails systematically
Maintaining the skin, teeth, hair of our body
Drinking chemically treated and filtered water
Eat food always while it is in hot condition
Before cooking wash the raw vegetables and fruits with clean water
Do physical exercise to have proper blood circulation in the body

29. NIMBY Syndrome NIMBY means not in my back yard, which describes the opposition of residents to the near by location of something they consider undesirable, even if it is clearly a benefit for many. Eg. An incinerator, an ethanol plant, a nuclear power plant etc An airport is a typical example of NIMBY complex. It benefits a city economically, but no-one wants it near them because of the noise pollution and traffic it generates.

30. Human Rights Human rights are the fundamental rights, which are possessed by all human beings irrespective of their caste, nationality, sex and language. These rights cannot be taken away by any legislature or any government act. Every citizen must enjoy certain rights and also has certain duties towards the country

31. Universal declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR)
It was established in the year 1948 by UN. Some of the main declarations of Human Rights, which are globally accepted are as follows,
Human Right to freedom
Freedom to express his views
Freedom to assemble to express their views
Freedom to for unions or associations
Freedom to build their houses where ever they like
Full right to start any profession

32. Human Right to property – rights to earn property any where
Human right to freedom of religion – All religions are equal before law. So any one can follow any religion according to his wish.
Human right to culture and education - minority communities like Christians and Muslims have their own rights to conserve the culture , language and to establish their educational institutions
Human right to constitutional remedies – any one can go to the court to protect their rights

33. Human right to equality – all are equal before the law
Human right to equality – all are equal before the law. No discriminations on the grounds of religion, sex, place of birth. Equal opportunity for employment
Human right against exploitation – children should not be employed as labours
Human right to food and environment – every one has the right to get sufficient healthy food, safe drinking water and healthy environment
Human right to good health – physical and mental health

37. Value Education
Education is nothing but learning through which knowledge about a particular thing can be acquired. Types of education
Formal Education
All learning process in formal education are self related. All people will read, write, will get good jobs and tackle any problems only with the help of formal education
Value education
It is an instrument to analyses our behavior and provide proper direction to our youths. IT teaches them the distinction between right and wrong, to be compassionate, helpful, loving, generous and tolerant.

38. Value based environmental education
Environmental education provide knowledge about the principles of ecology, fundamentals of environment and biodiversity.
It creates a sense of duty to care for the natural resources and to manage them in a sustainable way.
When environment gets degraded it affects our health, well being and our future.
It is important to know all about the environment and also have a right have a to safe and clean environment.

39. Objectives or Need of Value Education
To improve the integral growth of human being
To create attitudes and improvement towards sustainable life style
To increase awareness about our national history, our culture, heritage, constitutional rights, national integration, community development and environment
To create and develop awareness about the values and their significance and role
To understand about our natural environment in which how land, air, water are interlinked

40. Concepts of Value Education
Why and how can we use less resources and energy?
Why do we need to keep our surrounding clean?
Why should we use less fertilizers and pesticides in farm?
Why should we save water and keep our water sources clean?
What is the necessity to separate the garbage's in to degradable and non degradable?
All these issues are linked to the quality of human life and go beyond simple economic growth. They deal with a love and respect for nature.

41. Method of imparting value education
Telling: It helps to enable a pupil to have a clear picture of a value-laden situation by means of his own narration of the situation.
Modeling: The ideal values are presented to the learners as model
Role playing: Acting out the true feelings of the actor by taking the role of another person
Problem solving: It is a method where in a dilemma is presented to learners asking them what decisions they are going to take.
Studying biographies of great people

42. Types of Value Education
Universal values or Social values: It tells about the importance of human condition. These values are reflected in life, joy, compassion, tolerance, service, truth etc
Cultural values: It varies with respect to tome and place. Thee values are concerned with right wrong, good and bad, true and false behavior of human beings. It reflects in language, aesthetics, education, law, economics, etc
Individual values: They are the personal principles and the result of individual personality and experiences. Parents and teachers are the main key to shape our individual values. It reflects in the individual goals, relationships, commitments etc

43. Global values:
It stress the concept, that the human civilization is a part of the planet and similarly nature and natural phenomena over the earth are interconnected and interlinked with special bonds of harmony.
If the harmony is disturbed any where there will be an ecological imbalance.
Spiritual Values:
It promotes conservationism and transform our consumeristic approach. It is reflected in self-restraint , self-discipline, contentment, reduction etc. of wants

44. HIV / AIDS

52. Control and Preventive measures of AIDS
Once a person is infected with HIV the person remain infected for life. There is neither a cure nor a vaccine but can be prevented . Prevention is better than cure.
Basic approaches to control AIDS
Education: Health education enables to avoid indiscriminate sex and encourages the use of condoms. One should avoid use of sharing razors, needles and syringes
Prevention of Blood borne HIV transmission:
People in high risk groups should not donate blood. Blood should be screened for HIV

53. 4. Primary health Care: AIDS awareness programmes should be encouraged
4. Primary health Care: AIDS awareness programmes should be encouraged. Voluntary health agencies should participate in large. Training programmes to doctors and paramedical workers should be conducted
5. Counseling services – Counseling services should be provided either in person or through telephone
6. Drug Treatment – Testing HIV positive does not mean the end. They can still stay healthy leading productive lives for many years. Seeking early medical care and staying active are very vital in managing HIV. The immune system has to be kept boosted by taking nutritious diet and maintaining a stress free mind

54. Women Welfare
The main aim of women welfare is to improve the status of the women by providing opportunities in education, employment and economic independence.
Need for women welfare
Generally women suffer gender discrimination and devaluation at home, work place, in public life, matrimony etc
High no. of cases of dowry deaths, rape, domestic violence, criminal offences and mental torture
Human rights of women are violated in the male dominated society
Generally in policy making and decision making process, women are neglected.

55. Objectives of women welfare
To provide education
To vocational training
To generate awareness about the environment
To improve the employment opportunities
To aware problems of population
To restore dignity, status, equality and respect for women

56. Objectives of a National Commission for Women
To examine constitutional and legal rights for women
To review existing legislations
To sensitize the enforcement and administrative machinery to women's causes
Measures or various schemes of various organizations towards Women welfare
The National Net work for Women and Mining(NNWM). It is fighting for a gender audit of India’s mining companies
United Nations Decade for women

57. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) – It has created international standards for the protection and promotion of women’s human and socio-economic upliftment
NGO’s as Mahila Mandals – Creates awareness among women of remote villages to empower them, train them, educate them and help them to become economically self dependent
Ministry for Women and Child Development – It works for the upliftment of women by family planning, healthcare, education and awareness

58. Child Welfare
Children occupy nearly 40 % of total population. They are considered to be the assets of a society.
20 million children in our country are estimated to be working as child labours in various hazardous industries like match industry, fire works and pottery industry.
Reason for Child labours
Poverty - is the major reason
Want of money – parent require more money for their family so they send their children for work

59. Measures or Various schemes of various organisations towards Child Welfare
UN conventions on Right of Child or International Law
It formulated a set of International standards and measures to promote and protect the well being of children in the society
Rights of the Child: It defines right of the child to survival, participation, development and protection.
The right to survival : It emphasizes on good standards of living, good nutrition and health
The right of participation : means freedom of thought and appropriate information to the child

60. The right of development:
It ensures access to education , child hood care and support, social security and recreation
The right to protection:
Means freedom from exploitation, inhuman treatment and neglect
World summit on Children:
Focused agenda for the well being of children targeted to be achieved in the beginning of the new millennium
Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD):
It concentrates on Child’s health, education, nutrition, clean and safe drinking water, sanitation and environment

61. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
Its scientific report says, “children consume more water, food and air than adults and hence more susceptible to any environmental contamination.
So, it is essential to keep the cleaner environment to our children for better and healthy life.

62. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
EIA is defined as a formal process of predicting the environmental consequences of any development projects
It is used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of the project prior to decision making

63. Objectives of EIA
To identify the main issues and problems of the parties
To identify who is the party
To identify what are the problems of the parties
To identify why the problems are
Benefits of EIA
Cost and time of the project is reduced
Performance of the project is improved
Waste treatment and cleaning expenses are minimised
Usages of resources is maintained
Human health is improved

64. Process of EIA or Key elements of EIA
Scoping
Screening
Identifying and evaluating alternatives
Mitigating measures dealing with uncertainty
Issuing environmental statements
1. Scoping
It is used to identify the key issues of concern in the planning process at an early stage. It is also used to aid site selection and identify any possible alternatives

65. Screening
Used to decide whether an EIA is required or not based on information collected
Identifying and evaluating
IT involves knowing alternative sites and alternative techniques and their impacts.
Mitigating measures dealing with uncertainty
It reviews the action taken to prevent or minimize the adverse effects of the project
Environmental statements
This is the final stage of EIA process. It reports the findings of the EIA

66. Role of Information Technology in Environment Protection Information technology means collection, processing , storage and dissemination of information. A number of software has been developed to study about the environment The internet facilities, information through satellites, www and GIS provide us up to date information of various aspects of environment and weather

67. Software's for environment education
1. Remote sensing
Remote sensing refers to any method, which can be used to gather information about an object with out actually coming in contact with it.
Force field like acoustics, gravity, magnetic, electromagnetic etc could be used for remote sensing.
Presently the term “remote sensing” is used more commonly to denote identification of earth surface by detecting the characteristics of the EMR the is reflected /emitted by the earth.

68. Remote sensing system for Resource Management
Remote sensing data/images have been used to derive thematic information on various natural resources and environment.
The type and level of information extracted depends on the expertise of the analyst and what he is looking in the data.
Eg. To derive information on vegetative cover, water bodies, land use etc.

69. Application of Remote sensing 1
Application of Remote sensing 1. In Agriculture India being agriculture based country require judicious and optimal management of both land and water resources along with the use of high yielding variety seeds, optimal fertilizer input etc. RS can provide valuable information for land and water management 2. In Forestry Sustainable forest management requires reliable information on the type, density and extent of forest cover, wood volume and biomass, forest fir, pest and disease, encroachment etc.. RS provides all such info clearly

70. 3. In Land cover Spatial info on land use is required at different scales depending on use. RS data is converted to map, the spatial resolution plays a role on the scale of mapping 4. Water resources RS data has been used in many applications related to water resources such as surface water body mapping, ground water targeting, wet land, flood monitoring, run off modelling, snow cover monitoring, irrigation water management etc.

71. Database
Database is the collection of inter related data on various subjects. In the computer the information of the data base is arranged is a systematic manner that is easily manageable and can be very quickly retrieved
Application of database
Ministry of forest and environment
They are compiling the database on various biotic communities
Data bases is also available for diseases like HIV/ AIDS, Malaria, Fluorosis etc

72. 2. National Management Information system They compiled a data base on R&D projects along with information about research scientist and personnel involved. 3. Environmental Information system It functions in 25 centres all over the country. They generate a network database in areas like pollution control, clean technologies, remote sensing, biodiversity, environmental management, desertification etc

73. Geographical Information system (GIS)
GIS is a technique of super imposing various thematic maps using digital data on a large number of inter-related aspects
Application of GIS
Different thematic maps containing digital information on various aspects like water resources, soil type, forest land, crop land, grass land are super imposed on a layer form in computer using softwares
Interpretation of polluted ones, degraded lands can be made based on GIS
GIS can be used to check unplanned growth and related environmental problems

74. Satellite data
Satellite data helps in providing correct and reliable information about forest ecosystem
Provides information like monsoon, ozone layer depletion, smog etc
Info about new reserves of oil, minerals etc can be discovered.
World wide web – more current data is available on www
Important on line learning center
Multimedia digital content manager (DCM) in the form of CD-ROM

75. Applications
These online learning center provides the current and relevant information on, principles, problems, quarries, application of EVS
It has digital files of photos , power points lecture presentations, animations, web exercises and quiz
They are useful to both students and teachers of environmental studies

76. Case studies on role of IT in Environment protection
Study on polluted back waters of Kerala

77. 2. Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) to study phytoplanktons

78. 3. GIS for Forest Management

79. 4. National Emission Data System (NEDS)
5. Environmental Information system (ENVIS)

80. Role of IT in Human Health Protection
IT plays a key role in human health. It has changed the human life style. The health service technology mainly involves three systems.
They are
Finance and accounting
Pathology
Patient administration: clinical system

81. Application of IT in health services
The data regarding birth and death rates, immunization and sanitation programme are maintained more accurately using IT packages
It helps the doctor to monitor the health of the people effectively
The information regarding the out break of epidemic diseases can be conveyed easily
On-line help of expert doctors can be consulted to provide better treatment and services to the patient
With a control system the hospital can run effectively
Drugs and its replacement can be administered efficiently

82. Case studies on Role of IT in Human Health
Health service in New South Wales
The health services of NSW are dominated by the state-administered public health service providing integrated hospitals and community services to the population of 3 million people.
The It packages purchased from U.S company was successful in the finance, accounting and pathology systems. But there were difficulties in implementing Patient Administrative System (PAS) or clinical system which involves the registration, admission and transfer of patients, medical records etc.
The implementation of IT packages of the PAS went off successfully without much complications than in larger hospitals with networks.