1. Energy Crises: Their Imminence, Size, Impact Sanjay. V. Khare Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH-43606 http://www.physics.utoledo.edu/~khare/

2. Four Distinct Crises ProblemImminenceImpactAwareness I Global Warming Approaching (5 to 10 years) GRADUAL over 10 – 100+ years HIGH II Peak Production Liquid Fuels Now (-3 to 5 years) CATASTROPIC Undertanding is POOR III Peak Production Total Energy Approaching (10 to 15 years) CATASTROPIC Understanding is POOR IV Peak Other Materials (food, top soil, fertile land, H 2 O, P, U, Au) Now (0 to 5 years) CATASTROPIC Can be exacerbated by I - III INCREASING

3. Peak Liquid Fuels Best estimates of future world oil production

4. Peak Total Energy Total Energy Use, 1965 to 2050 (Courtesy: Paul Chefurka)

5. Net Surplus Energy (NSE) TM = Total mass of energy providing material e.g., oil, coal, gas, wind turbine, PV modules EPM= Energy produced per unit mass NSE= TM X EPM (Naive Calculation) Correct Calculation EROEI= Energy Returned on Energy Invested = NSE = TM x EPM x EROEI = TM x EPM x We are running out of TM and EROEI

6. Mitigation Type of Effort Importance Conservation and efficiency, personal and societalHigh Rapid deployment of existing technology, public transport, electric-transport, wind, solar-heat and photovoltaic, geothermal High Raising awareness by scientists and engineers of locals, media and policy makers High Applied engineering research Medium term (5 – 10 years) Fundamental research done today will have scaled impact after 20 years Long Term (10 – 20 years)

7. Thank You References: www.theoildrum.com www.energybulletin.net www.aspo-usa.org Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak; By Kenneth S. Deffeyes Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil; By David Goodstein Twilight in the Dessert; by Matthew R. Simmons

8. Solar Energy of Commercially-Available Thin Film Technologies, a-Si most clearly has no fundamental material limitations

10. Crystalline PV production rate expected to slow over next few years due to silicon shortage. Thin film PV production rate expected to continue to increase.

19. One aspect of energy quality: a comparison of the energy content per unit mass and per unit volume for various sources.

20. “Balloon graph” representing quality (y graph) and quantity (x graph) of the United States economy for various fuels at various times. Arrows connect fuels from various times (i.e. domestic oil in 1930, 1970, 2005), and the size of the “balloon” represents part of the uncertainty associated with EROI estimates. (Source: US EIA, Cutler Cleveland and C. Hall’s own EROI work in preparation)

21. Power densities for fossil and renewable fuels. (Source: Smil, V. 2006. ''21st century energy: Some sobering thoughts.'' OECD Observer 258/59: 22-23.) Power Density

22. Energy Surplus The energy return on investment (EROI) for various fuel sources in the U.S. (Source: Cutler Cleveland)

23. Energy and basic human needs. The international relationship between energy use (kilograms of oil equivalent per capita) and the Human Development Index (2000). (Source: UNDP, 2002, WRI, 2002)

24. Peak may have occurred about time of Hurricane Katrina (2005)

25. But US oil production began to decline in 1970

26. Many oil fields, countries, and oil companies have already peaked. The US peaked in 1970. 53 of 68 oil producing countries are in decline.

27. Oil discoveries in the US peaked - then 40 years later production peaked Adapted from Collin Campbell, University of Clausthal Conference, Dec 2000 The US lower 48 states

28. If the world follows the US pattern: Adapted from: Richard C. Duncan and Walter Youngquist … the world would peak soon

29. There’s no more spare capacity in the world supply Adapted from “The Oil Age is Over”, Matt Savinar Spare capacity = how much extra oil can be produced within 30 days notice and maintained for 90 days

30. Spurious OPEC Reserve Revisions

31. Global Oil Production, 1965 to 2050

32. Global Natural Gas Production, 1965 to 2050

33. Global Coal Production, 1965 to 2050

34. Global Hydro Production, 1965 to 2050

35. Global Nuclear Production, 1965 to 2100

36. Actual and Projected Wind Power, 1997 to 2050

37. Actual and Projected Solar Power, 1996 to 2050

38. Other Renewable Energy Production, 1990 to 2100

39. Energy Use by Source, 1965 to 2100

40. The Global Energy Mix in 1965

41. The Global Energy Mix in 2005

42. The Global Energy Mix in 2050

43. The life support pie is shrinking: The foundation of all agriculture, the soil, is diminishing in all parts of the world Aquifers are being pumped dry Forests are disappearing Fisheries are being decimated Biodiversity is being extinguished Rivers are drying up

44. Farming “is an annual artificial catastrophe, and it requires the equivalent of three or four tons of TNT per acre for a modern American farm. Iowa's fields require the energy of 4,000 Nagasaki bombs every year.” 1 Fossil Fuel and Agriculture 1 Richard Manning; “The Oil We Eat”, Harpers, 2005. Mr. Manning was referring to the growing of the world’s major grain crops - corn, rice and wheat.

45. “World population today stands at 5.8 billion and is expected to increase to 8.0 billion by 2020. Cereals are the world's most important stable nutrient source and to meet future demand cereal production will need to double by the year 2020. Production of other foodstuffs will also have to increase significantly.Fertilizer, both organic and inorganic, will have to play a vital role if the food production necessary to support the increased population is to be provided”. Fertilizer Association of Ireland

46. Saudi saying: “My father rode a camel. I drive a car. My son flies a jet airplane. His son will ride a camel.”

47. A quad is a unit of energy equal to 10 15 (a quadrillion) BTU, or 1.055 × 10 18 joules (1.055 exajoules or EJ) in SI units. 10 18 = exa- (EJ)

48. 1x electron-volt (eV)=1.602 x 10 -19 joule 1 x calorie (cal.)=4.1868 joules 1 x kilocalorie (kcal.)=4.1868 x 10 3 joules 1 x British Thermal Unit (BTU)=1,055 joules =252 cal. 1 x millions BTU (MMBTU)=1.055 x 10 9 joules 1 x quadrillion BTU (quad)=1.055 x 10 18 joules =1 x 10 15 BTU 1 x them=1.055 x 10 8 joules =1 x 10 5 BTU 1 x kilowatt-hour=3.6 x 10 6 joules 1 x megawatt-hour=3.6 x 10 9 joules 1 x gigawatt-hour=3.6 x 10 12 joules 1 x ton of oil equivalent (toe)=4.1868 x 10 10 joules 1 x million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe)=4.1868 x 10 16 joules

49. American barrel = 158.984 liters = 42 American (US) gallons = 3.78541 cubic decimeters (dm3) = 0.136 tonne (approx) 1 MMSCF of natural gas = 172.3 barrels of crude oil equivalent = 365 x 1,000,000 scf 1 million cu.ft. of natural gas = 18.91 tons liquid = 1598.69 cu.ft.liquid 1 std.cu.feet of natural gas = 1000 BTU = 252 kilocalories 1 m.ton of coal = 4.879 barrels of crude oil equivalent 1 m.ton of lignite = 2.053 barrels of crude oil equivalent 1 ltr of fuel oil 1500 sec = 38.9 cubic feet of natural gas 1 kg of LPG = 47.0 cubic feet of natural gas 1 normal cu.m. per day (Nm3/d) = 37.33 standard cu.ft. per day (SCFD) [flow rate of gas] 1 ton of LNG = 1.14 1.4 x 103 normal cu.m.natural (LNG conversions) gas (Nm3) = 52.3 x 103 standard cubic feet natural gas (SCF) = 55.0 x 109 joules (HHV) 1 ton of LNG = 1.22 tonne crude oil (energy equivalents) = 0.80 tonne heavy fuel oil = 0.91 tonne LPG (commercial composition) = 1.91 tonne coal 1 barrel per day (b/d) = 50 tonnes per year (approx.) 1 barrel of oil equivalent = 1 barrel of crude oil = 5,487 cubic feet of gas ** Natural gas is converted to barrels of oil equivalent using a ratio of 5,487 cubic feet of natural gas per one barrel of crude oil. This ratio is based on the actual average equivalent energy content of TOTAL's natural gas reserves.