1. Dolly and surrogate Mom
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Biotechnology
Dolly and surrogate Mom
Embryonic stem cells and gene therapy
Genetically modified rice.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

2. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Biotechnology
Biotechnology, defined broadly, is the engineering of organisms for useful purposes.
Often, biotechnology involves the creation of hybrid genes and their introduction into organisms in which some or all of the gene is not normally present.
Fourteen month-old genetically engineered (“biotech”) salmon (left) and standard salmon (right).
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

3. Biotechnology We’ll examine: Animal cloning
4/20/2017
Biotechnology
We’ll examine:
Animal cloning
Genetically modified foods and the American-European opinion divide.
Gene cloning for pharmaceutical production
DNA fingerprinting
The promise and perhaps perils of embryonic stem cells
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

4. Animal Cloning Dolly and her surrogate mother. Biotechnology 4/20/2017
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

5. Why Clone Animals? To answer questions of basic biology
Biotechnology
Why Clone Animals?
4/20/2017
Five genetically identical cloned pigs.
To answer questions of basic biology
For pharmaceutical production.
For herd improvement.
To satisfy our desires (e.g. pet cloning).
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

6. Is Animal Cloning Ethical?
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Is Animal Cloning Ethical?
The first cloned horse and her surrogate mother/genetic twin.
As with many important questions, the answer is beyond the scope of science.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

7. USU’s Contribution – A Cloned Mule and the First Cloned Equine
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
USU’s Contribution – A Cloned Mule and the First Cloned Equine
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

8. The Biotechnology of Reproductive Cloning
4/20/2017
The Biotechnology of Reproductive Cloning
Even under the best of circumstances, the current technology of cloning is very inefficient.
Cloning provides the most direct demonstration that all cells of an individual share a common genetic blueprint.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

9. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Saved by Cloning?
Some are firm believers while many view these approaches to be more of a stunt.
Note the use of a closely related species, a domestic goat, as egg donor and surrogate mother.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

10. Carbon Copy– the First Cloned Pet
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Carbon Copy– the First Cloned Pet
(Science (2002) 295:1443)
Significantly, Carbon Copy is not a phenotypic carbon copy of the animal she was cloned from.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

11. The Next Step? Highly unlikely.
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
The Next Step?
Highly unlikely.
Attempts at human cloning are viewed very unfavorably in the scientific community.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

12. Recombinant DNA, Gene Cloning, and Pharmaceutical Production
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Recombinant DNA, Gene Cloning, and Pharmaceutical Production
These are mature and widely utilized biotechnologies.
DNA can be cut at specific sequences using restriction enzymes.
This creates DNA fragments useful for gene cloning.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

13. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Restriction Enzymes are Enzymes That Cut DNA Only at Particular Sequences
The enzyme EcoRI cutting DNA at its recognition sequence
Restriction enzyme animation
Different restriction enzymes have different recognition sequences.
This makes it possible to create a wide variety of different gene fragments.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

14. DNAs Cut by a Restriction Enzyme Can be Joined Together in New Ways
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
DNAs Cut by a Restriction Enzyme Can be Joined Together in New Ways
These are recombinant DNAs and they often are made of DNAs from different organisms.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

15. Plasmids are Used to Replicate a Recombinant DNA
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Plasmids are Used to Replicate a Recombinant DNA
Plasmids are small circles of DNA found in bacteria.
Plasmids replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.
Pieces of foreign DNA can be added within a plasmid to create a recombinant plasmid.
Replication often produces copies of a recombinant plasmid in each cell.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

16. Biotechnology
Harnessing the Power of Recombinant DNA Technology – Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
4/20/2017
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

17. Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
Biotechnology
Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
4/20/2017
and cut with a restriction enzyme
6) join the plasmid and human fragment
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

18. Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
Biotechnology
Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
4/20/2017
Mix the recombinant plasmid with bacteria.
Screening bacterial cells to learn which contain the human insulin gene is the hard part.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

19. Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin
Biotechnology
Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin
4/20/2017
One cell with the recombinant plasmid
A fermentor used to grow recombinant bacteria.
This is the step when gene cloning takes place.
The single recombinant plasmid replicates within a cell.
Then the single cell with many recombinant plasmids produces trillions of like cells with recombinant plasmid – and the human insulin gene.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

20. Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin
Biotechnology
Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin
4/20/2017
The final steps are to collect the bacteria, break open the cells, and purify the insulin protein expressed from the recombinant human insulin gene.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

21. Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Route to the Production by Bacteria of Human Insulin
Overview of gene cloning.
Cloning animation
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

22. Biotechnology
Pharming
4/20/2017
Pharming is the production of pharmaceuticals in animals engineered to contain a foreign, drug-producing gene.
These goats contain the human gene for a clot-dissolving protein that is produced in their milk.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

23. The Promise and Possible Perils of Stem Cells
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
The Promise and Possible Perils of Stem Cells
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

24. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
The Stem Cell Concept
A stem cell is an undifferentiated, dividing cell that gives rise to a daughter cell like itself and a daughter cell that becomes a specialized cell type.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

25. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Stem Cells are Found in the Adult, but the Most Promising Types of Stem Cells for Therapy are Embryonic Stem Cells
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

26. The Inner Cell Mass is the Source of Embryonic Stem Cells
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
The Inner Cell Mass is the Source of Embryonic Stem Cells
The embryo is destroyed by separating it into individual cells for the collection of ICM cells.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

27. Some Thorny Ethical Questions
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Some Thorny Ethical Questions
Are these masses of cells a human?
Is it ethical to harvest embryonic stem cells from the “extra” embryos created during in vitro fertilization?
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

28. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Additional Potential Dilemmas – Therapeutic Cloning to Obtain Matched Embryonic Stem Cells
Cultured mouse embryonic stem cells.
Cells from any source other than you or an identical twin present the problem of rejection.
If so, how can matched embryonic stem cells be obtained?
A cloned embryo of a person can be made, and embryonic stem cells harvested from these clones.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

29. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Therapeutic Cloning
Is there any ethical difference between therapeutic and reproductive cloning?
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

30. DNA, the Law, and Many Other Applications –
Biotechnology
DNA, the Law, and Many Other Applications –
The Technology of DNA Fingerprinting
4/20/2017
A DNA fingerprint used in a murder case.
The defendant stated that the blood on his clothing was his.
What are we looking at? How was it produced?
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

31. DNA Fingerprinting Basics
Biotechnology
DNA Fingerprinting Basics
4/20/2017
Different individuals carry different alleles.
Most alleles useful for DNA fingerprinting differ on the basis of the number of repetitive DNA sequences they contain.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

32. DNA Fingerprinting Basics
Biotechnology
DNA Fingerprinting Basics
4/20/2017
If DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that recognizes sites on either side of the region that varies, DNA fragments of different sizes will be produced.
A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments produced from a number of different sites in the genome that vary in length.
The more common the length variation at a particular site and the greater the number the sites analyzed, the more informative the fingerprint.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

33. A Site With Three Alleles Useful for DNA Fingerprinting
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
A Site With Three Alleles Useful for DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fragments of different size will be produced by a restriction enzyme that cuts at the points shown by the arrows.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

34. The DNA Fragments Are Separated on the Basis of Size
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
The DNA Fragments Are Separated on the Basis of Size
The technique is gel electrophoresis.
The pattern of DNA bands is compared between each sample loaded on the gel.
Gel electrophoresis animation
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

35. Possible Patterns for a Single “Gene” With Three Alleles
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Possible Patterns for a Single “Gene” With Three Alleles
In a standard DNA fingerprint, about a dozen sites are analyzed, with each site having many possible alleles.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

36. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
A DNA Fingerprint
When many genes are analyzed, each with many different alleles, the chance that two patterns match by coincidence is vanishingly small.
DNA detective animation
HGP fingerprinting page
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

37. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
DNA and the Law
SLT 3/8/05
Some applications of DNA fingerprinting in the justice system.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

38. Genetically Modified Foods
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Genetically Modified Foods
Many of our crops in the US are genetically modified.
Should they be?
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

39. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
GM Crops are Here Today
Source: Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, August 2004.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

40. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Methods for Plant Genetic Engineering are Well-Developed and Similar to Those for Animals
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

41. Golden Rice is Modified to be Provide a Dietary Source of Vitamin A
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Golden Rice is Modified to be Provide a Dietary Source of Vitamin A
Golden rice (yellow) with standard rice (white).
Worldwide, 7% of children suffer vitamin A deficiency, many of them living in regions in which rice is a staple of the diet.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

42. Genetically Modified Crops
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically Modified Cotton
(contains a bacterial gene for pest resistance)
Standard Cotton
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

43. GMOs, Especially Outside the US, Are a Divisive Issue
Biotechnology
4/20/2017
GMOs, Especially Outside the US, Are a Divisive Issue
Protesters at the 2000 Montreal World Trade Summit
European sentiment
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

44. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Current Concerns by Scientists Focus on Environmental, Not Health, Effects of GM Crops
The jury’s still out on the magnitude of GM crop’s ecological impact, but the question is debated seriously.
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010

45. Biotechnology
4/20/2017
Current Concerns by Scientists Focus on Environmental, Not Health, Effects of GM Crops
G. Podgorksi, Biol. 1010