1. SEEP AND GOAT HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTROL Part I
Ethiopia sheep and goat productivity improvement program

2. 1. Introduction Direct losses:
Economic losses attributed to animal diseases:
Direct losses:
Mortality productive animals (e.g. PPR, CCPP etc.)
annual loss of 4-16% of sheep and 11-13% of goat population
Decreased Productivity (Milk yield, body weight gain..
Decreased Reproductive performance (infertility, abortion, stillbirth…)
Reduced quality/value of products (e.g. skin)
Loss of Market
Aggregate annual economic loss from animal diseases estimated at US$ 150 million

3. Introduction Cont’d…
Indirect losses:
Cost of prevention/ control (Vaccination, treatment, Quarantine).
Endanger public health - Zoonotic and food borne infections
Suboptimal exploitation of resources through forced adoption production methods - e.g. use of trypanotolerant breeds with low milk production.
Ban from international markets in the case of BSE, FMD etc.
Economic cost of diseases = output losses + control expenditures

4. Introduction Cont’d…
Disease problems are reflected with signs and symptoms of illness
Many diseases can show similar symptoms
One should not expect to find out the exact cause of disease as:
most require well-equipped laboratories and skilled personnel

5. 2. Diseases and Disease determinants
Disease: Disturbance in the function of the whole body of the host or any of its parts

6. Classification of diseases
Diseases can be classified in many ways:
A. based on causes:
Infectious diseases: caused by living agents:
Parasitic diseases
Bacterial diseases
Viral diseases
Fungal diseases
Non infectious diseases:
Mechanical injuries,
nutritional deficiencies,
poisoning,
genetic disorder…

7. B. Based on transmission
Contagious: Infectious disease Transmitted by passage of infectious agent from animal to animal.
Non contagious: the agent can not be transmitted from animal to animal.

8. Disease determinants
Definition: Any factor that can affect frequency of disease occurrence in a population
Types:
Intrinsic - physical or physiological characteristics of the host or agent
Extrinsic- External to the host

9. Epidemiological Triad

10. Agent as disease determinant
The agent is the factor that causes the disease.
Living agents – such as viruses, bacteria, ricketsia protozoa, helminth, arthropods etc.
Non living agents – such as heat, cold, water, nutrients toxic substances etc.
Diseases cannot occur in the absence of the agent (except for non-infectious diseases)

11. Intrinsic Determinants
Agent as determinant (cont’d…)
However, presence of an agent may not necessarily cause a disease. Depends on:
Infectivity: The ability of a disease causing agent to establish itself in a host
Virulence: A measure of the severity of a disease caused by a specified agent
Pathogenicity : ability of an agent of known virulence to produce disease in a range of hosts under a range of environmental conditions.

12. Hosts as disease determinants
The host is the animal or human that may contract a disease.
The main intrinsic determinants in the host which can influence the frequency of occurrence of infection/disease are:
species;
Breed / genetic makeup;
Sex;
Age.

13. Species:
Most disease agents are capable of infecting a range of animal species.
Severity of the disease may vary between species.
Certain host species may be refractory to infections with certain disease agents while others are more susceptible e.g..
Equine refractory to FMD virus which is serious in swine;
Rinderpest - fatal in cattle, mild in sheep;
Dogs do not develop heartwater.

14. Sex: A disease may be associated with sexual attributes Breed:
Wide ranges of susceptibility to a particular disease often observed between different breeds e.g.
certain breeds of cattle, horse, sheep, and goats more tolerant to trypanosomiasis.
Sex:
A disease may be associated with sexual attributes

15. Age: Differences in susceptibility often seen among different age groups e.g.
Many bacterial /viral diseases more fatal in young animals compared to adults.
can be due to absence of acquired immunity or low immunological host response.
Young animals resistant to tick borne diseases

16. Vectors and intermediate hosts
Intermediate hosts: a host in which the agent undergoes asexual phase of its development e.g. Snails
Vector: An invertebrate animal that actively transmits an infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host

17. Vectors & intermediate hosts Cont’d…
Vectors could transmit diseases Biologically or Mechanically
Mechanical vector – is an arthropod that physically carries the agent to the host, here, the agent does not multiply and develop in the vector.
Biological vectors – are arthropods in which the infectious agent undergoes a necessary cycle of development in the vector. E.g Mosquitoes-malaria

18. Environmental determinants
The environment includes:
Surroundings: location, climate and husbandry;
conditions either within the host or external to it, that cause or allow disease transmission to occur.
Effect of the environment :
weaken the host and increase its susceptibility to disease;
provide conditions that favor the survival of the agent.

19. affects the stability of infectious agents;
Climate:
Temperature:
can act as a stressor.
Low temperatures
Hypothermia in the new born;
reduces efficiency of digestion- infectious enteritis.
Solar radiation- affects survival of the agent through dessiccation.
Humidity:
affects the stability of infectious agents;
Impairment of clearing mechanism of respiratory organism leads to flare up of Respiratory diseases.
Wind: carries infectious agents ( e.g. FMD virus)

20. Husbandry:
Housing:
Type of floor (Concrete, bedding materials etc.) & slope:
Drainage- development of infectious agents;
affects the locomotory organs (feet).
High densities increase the challenge of
microbial pathogens & transmission
Diet:
Nutrient deficiency diseases;
Affects resistance to diseases.

21. Mode of Disease transmission
Direct
Indirect
Susceptible
host
Infected host
Vector

22. Contact transmission:
Horizontal (Between the same generation of hosts).
Vertical (Between different generation of host, dam to off spring).
Vehicular transmission
Agent transferred through inanimate substances/ objects, fomites, Water, Feed stuffs, Bedding materials etc.

23. ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Route of entry - site at which the agent enters the host
1. Oral route – occurs by ingestion of infectious agents through mechanical vector (fomites) like water and food stuffs .
2. Respiratory route –agent acquired via this route usually associated with organic materials like mucous, dust. e.g. TB, Pasteurollosis,
more likely to occur when:
High population density;
high humidity; and
poor ventilation

24. Uro-genital tract: Sexually transmitted diseases e.g. Brucellosis
4. Percutaneous route (Skin, Cornea, Mucus membrane) - by direct contact with infected animals. e.g. Ectoparasites, Ringworms
Intact skin - effective barrier against majority of infectious agents.
Tick bites - entrance of tick born disease causative agents.
Bites of mammals- entrance of e.g. rabies virus.

25. 3. METHODS OF DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
Preventative health care
Biosecurity
Quarantine
Movement control
Vaccination program
Parasite control
Good management
Good nutrition
Hoof care
Good housing
Breeding resistant animals
Control
Stamping out
Disinfection and Chemotherapy
Vector control

26. isolate new animals to the herd Quarantine period depends on:
Quarantine: Isolation of animals that are either infected or suspected or of non infected animals that are at risk. Used to:
isolate animals imported from countries where exotic diseases are endemic.
isolate new animals to the herd
Quarantine period depends on:
the incubation period of the suspect agent
Mostly 21 days

27. Quarantine Cont’d…
Quarantine methods:
Enclosure - is the method in which the organism/ initiating factor is enclosed and prevented from getting out.
Quarantine line could be:
- Fences
- Natural barriers

28. Vaccination
Vaccination : - means of producing immunity to a disease by using vaccines
Immunity: The body’s ability to resist infection by the presence of circulating antibodies and white blood cells
Vaccine: a special preparation used to stimulate development of antibodies thus confer active immunity against a specific disease or a number of diseases

29. Disinfection 1. Physical disinfection
Heat is the most widely used disinfectant
Bunning of infected carcass, especially anthrax carcass:
burning of carcass best carried out at the spot, to avoid contamination of the ground while drugging
If the carcass is to be buried:
the site should be far from rivers and other water bodies;
The pit should be about 3m deep;
The area should be fenced and not used for other purpose for at least 6-months

30. Disinfection Cont’d… Chemical disinfection
The process of cleaning fomites and the surrounding using chemicals that kill bacteria and some viruses.
Fomites include farm equipment, surgical instruments - these can be disinfected to prevent the transmission of infectious agents.
Disinfectants used:
Quaternary-ammonium compounds %
Formaldehyde 1-5%

31. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy: The destruction of agent/s in/on the animal body using drugs such as:
Antibacterial - against bacteria
Antifungal against fungal diseases
Anthelmintics - for internal parasites
Acaricides - for external parasites

32. Equipment commonly used for drug administration
Balling guns : Used to give boluses, capsules, and tablets -
Place on top of tongue at the back of the mouth and plunger depressed
Dosing syringe: Used to administer small amounts of liquids or suspensions
Drencher :
Give liquids or suspensions
A bottle can be used for this procedure

33. Drug Resistance Failure of a drug to affect target micro-organisms.
Causes:
frequent usage of a single drug,
drug abuse (wrong dosage, handling…)

34. Disease prevention Purchase animals from reputable sources/dealers
Look at entire herd in addition to animals being purchased.
Go for physical examination.
Production /reproductive records, health certificates.

35. Disease prevention Cont’d…
Quarantine new animals for sufficient time 14 – 21d
Control outside traffic, illegal cross- boarder trade
Control birds, rodents, stray animals & other vectors
Insect vectors can be killed with insecticides.
habitat of the vectors can be destroyed,
e.g. remove snails, flies

36. Disease prevention Cont’d…
Don’t mix your goats with other goats (or sheep).
Don’t loan goats/sheep.
Don’t loan equipment.
Limit access to your farm and animals.
Control dog, cat, rodent, fly, and bird populations

37. Basic assessment of sheep/goat health
Abnormal
Off-feed
Lethargic
Poor body condition
Runny, red, or swollen eyes. Pale eyelids.
Colored discharge from nose
Head and/or ears handing down
Droopy tail (goats)
Rough hair coat
Scabs, abscesses, sores.
Soiled hindquarters
Runny or liquid feces; blood or mucous in feces
Abnormal gait
Lies separate from flock
Normal
Hungry
Alert
Good body condition
Bright eyes with bright pink eyelid color
Dry nose or slight clear (or white) discharge from nose.
Head and ears up
Tail up (goat)
Smooth/Shiny hair coat
Clean hocks and hindquarters
Formed stools
Freedom from scabs, sores, abscesses, etc.
Normal gait
Stays with flock

38. Assessment Cont’d…
Observe suspected animals more closely, first unrestrained then restrained
Unrestrained animals:
Body condition: do animals look fat and sleek or thin and rough?
Hair coat: is it rough or smooth? Are their indications of external parasites?
Movement and gait: does the animal favor one leg? Is the animal moving more slowly than normal?
Lameness: is the animal using all 4 legs?

39. Assessment Cont’d… Unrestrained Cont’d…
Swelling: are there obvious swellings on the body, legs, neck or jaw? Do the hooves appear swollen?
Bloat: does the left side look distended or swollen? Does the animal kick at its belly?
Respiration: is it faster than normal? Does the animal breathe with difficulty?
Cough: Is the animal coughing? Does the cough appear to be dry or wet?

40. Assessment Cont’d… Unrestrained Cont’d…
Discharge: nasal, eye, vaginal – what is its color and consistency? Is it bloody?
Feces: are they pelleted or loose? Do they appear off-color?
Urination: is the animal urinating normally? Does the urine look cloudy or bloody? Is the amount of urine normal?
Eyesight: can the animal see normally? Do eyes appear red and runny? Are they white or cloudy?

41. Assessment Cont’d… Restrained animals Head:
Do the eyes blink when a hand is moved slowly towards them? Is there any discharge from the eyes?
Is the nose moist and cool? Is there a discharge? What type of discharge – runny, thick, clear, cloudy or colored?
Are there sores on the nose?
Are there ulcers around the lips, gums, tongue, etc.? Is there normal salivation?
Check the mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth.
Roll down the lower eyelid – is it pale white or pinkish red?
Look at the gums – are they pale or reddish in color?
Are there swellings on the jaw or neck?

42. Assessment Cont’d…
Checking the mucous membrane of the eye
Swelling on the jaw indicating Caseous Lymphadenitis
“Bottle jaw” swelling indicating internal parasite infestation

43. Assessment Cont’d… Body:
Is the animal breathing normally – between 12 and 15 times per minute?
Is breathing difficult?
Is the animal coughing or sneezing?
Are there places where wool / hair is missing?
Are there any sores or blisters on the skin? Wet, sore patches of skin may allow disease agents to enter causing infection.
Are there any swellings under the skin? These may be lymph nodes or abscesses.
Is the coat normal and healthy?

44. Assessment Cont’d… Legs and feet:
Is the animal lame? Examine the foot and legs for ulcers, wounds, swelling or pain.
Are one or more legs involved?
Are the hooves unnaturally hot, have an odor or are painful to the touch?
Is there swelling or infection between the hooves?
Do the hooves need trimming?

45. Assessment Cont’d… Udder: Is the udder swollen or warmer than usual?
Does the animal refuse the udder being touched or is it painful to the touch?
Are there injuries on the teats, udder?
Is the milk normal in color, quantity, and consistency?

46. Assessment Cont’d… Genitals: Is there any vaginal/vulva discharge?
Are there any ulcers/scabs around the vulva?
Is there any injury or swelling on the scrotum?
Is the sheath swollen or injured?
Any discharge from the penis?

47. Assessment Cont’d… Feces and urine:
Does the animal pass urine and feces normally?
Does the animal look distressed when it passes feces and urine?
Are feces watery and pass more frequently than normal?
Is there blood or mucous in the feces?
Is the color of urine normal?

48. Assessment Cont’d… Body temperature:
Take the temperature of the animal with a thermometer.
Holding the thermometer firmly, shake it to move the line of mercury near the thermometer’s bulb.
Smear a little Vaseline on the bulb end.
Have someone hold the animal or tie it up. Lift the animal’s tail and gently insert the thermometer about 5 cm into the rectum.
After 2 minutes, remove the thermometer, wipe it clean and read the temperature. The normal temperature of sheep and goats is between 38.5° and 40°C.
Finally, shake the thermometer again, wash in cold water and dry before storing it.

49. Measuring rectal
temperature

50. Assessment Cont’d… Pulse or heart rate:
The pulse or heart rate should be measured on a rested animal.
Place your fingertips between the animal’s ribs behind the elbow to feel the heartbeat.
Pulse can be detected on the inside of the rear leg roughly 1/3 of the way down or on the artery located below and slightly inside of the jaw two- thirds to the rear of the muzzle.
A normal range for adult animals is 70 to 90 beats per minute with kids and lambs faster.

51. Assessment Cont’d…
Measuring heart rate (left) and pulse (right).

52. Assessment Cont’d… Respiration: Rumen movement:
Watch the rib cage and count how many times the animal breathes per minute. A normal range is from 12 to 20.
Rumen movement:
If the rumen is not moving normally, that animal will become sick.
Place your fist in the hollow on the left side of the animal behind the rib cage to feel the rumen move.
A healthy goat or sheep should have 1 to 2 rumen movements per minute.

53. Assessment Cont’d…
Checking rumen movement.

54. Rumination rate(/min.)
Normal vital measures
of goats/ sheep
Temp.
(C)
Respiration
rate (/min.)
Pulse rate (/min.)
Rumination rate(/min.)
Goats 15 90 2
Sheep 19 74
1-2

55. Disease Reporting Facilitates timely action Source of information
Importance:
Facilitates timely action
Source of information
Actions:
Report to concerned body as soon as possible
Sick animals should be isolated immediately

56. Important points to be included during disease reporting
Geographical location (zone, wereda, Kebele…etc)
Species affected (Bovine, ovine, caprine, poultry…etc)
When it started (Date, month, year)
Major clinical signs (Respiratory, GIT …etc)
Age, sex affected
Course of the disease (acute or chronic)
Number of cases

57. An emergency report Send immediately to the woreda office
Aware the neighbouring PAs
Stop animal and animal products movement
Take appropriate samples and submit to the Regional Laboratory
Properly dispose dead animals

58. Important epidemiological information
Population at risk;
Possible source of infection (new contact animal, marketing…etc)
Major change in weather, feed, water…etc
Measures taken (treatment, vaccination…etc)

59. Major Bacterial diseases

60. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
Host: mainly goats. Sheep suspected to be sources of infection
Transmission: aerogenically through droplets (direct contact)
Clinical signs:
Incubation Period: variable Can be as long as 2 months
respiratory signs (coughing, difficult breathing)
Joint problems, mastitis
Frothy nasal discharge

61. CCPP treatment and control
Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic is effective.
Tylosin and Oxytetracycline
Ring vaccination (around outbreak sites)
Restriction of animal movement

62. Pasteurolloses Hosts affected: Cattle, Sheep and goat
Transmission: Contact
Occurrence: nationwide
Stress (Environmental and physiological ) are pre requisite for pathogenicity

63. Pasteurolloses - clinical signs
Incubation period 7-10 days
Some animals stop eating and look tired and weak;
high fever;
often cough a lot and have distressed breathing that become worse through time;
Breathing often rapid but weak;
Some animals collapse and die in a few hours;
Other animals are sick for several days;
Lose weight and become thin and weak.

64. Clinical signs Cont’d…
Animals grind their teeth.
Usually have diarrhea.
They die after 5-6 days if they not treated
In dead animals:
both lungs have red/grey patches.
The air ways have mucus.
Animals that were sick for several days have yellow fluid in the chest.

65. Pasteurolloses - control strategies
Avoid overcrowded conditions
Annual vaccinations
Drugs are available in any veterinary clinic and pharmacy:
sulphadimidin,
streptomycin,
Oxytetracycline

66. Brucellosis
Species affected : sheep and goats
Ingestion of pasture contaminated by vaginal discharge and aborted fetus is the main route of transmission
Clinical sign
Abortion
Infertility in aborted animal

67. Brucellosis - Diagnosis & control
serological examination
Treatment: no satisfactory treatment
Prevention & Control
Proper disposal of aborted foetus
Disinfection of contaminated site
Isolation of aborted animal
Test and cull positive animals

68. Anthrax Species Affected: all warm blooded animals
chickens are relatively resistant to the disease
Transmission usually by ingestion of contaminated feed
Outbreaks often associated with heavy rainfall, flood or drought

69. Anthrax - clinical signs
Incubation period: hrs.
Clinical signs:
Sudden death may be the only sign in ruminants,
Staggering, trembling and difficult breathing may be seen in some animals, followed by rapid collapse, terminal convulsions and death.
depression, disorientation, muscle tremors,
abortion, congested mucous membranes ,and
bloody discharges from the nose, mouth and anus

70. Anthrax - Clinical findings

71. Anthrax - Precautions Carcass:
opening an infected carcass for necropsy should be avoided.
Anthrax spores can remain viable for decades in the soil or animal products such as dried or processed hides and wool.

72. Anthrax - Control strategies
Disease gives no time for treatment.
However, penicillin is most effective for less severe forms
Burn or bury dead bodies in such a way that it is deep and far from watering and grazing sites.
Annual vaccination

73. Foot rot and foot scald
Foot rot is caused by the interaction of two anaerobic bacteria and is highly contagious.
Foot scald involves only one bacteria and is not contagious.
Primary symptom is lameness in one or more feet.
Foot rot infection is in hoof vs. foot scald which is between toes.
Foot rot has a characteristic foul odor.

74. Viral Diseases

75. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
Species affected: Goats more susceptible than sheep
Transmission: close contact between healthy and sick animals
Clinical signs:
clear discharge from the nose,
sores in the mouth,
intermittent diarrhea,
fever (42oc) ,
restlessness,
Zebra marking of the inflamed intestinal mucus membrane upon necropsy examination

76. PPR lesions

77. PPR - control strategies
No treatment for PPR :Broadspectrum antibiotics to control secondary infection
Isolation of animals with signs of PPR
Annual vaccination of sheep/goat before start of rainy season

78. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Animals get infection via direct contact
The disease manifests itself in the form of blisters in the mouth, mainly in the dental pad.
Strings of saliva, fever
The feet also develop sore and animals become lame
Loss of body condition
Infected animals often recover after losing their condition, some die.

79. FMD - control strategies
No treatment for FMD. Broad spectrum antibiotic administration helps to prevent secondary bacterial infection
Animal movement should be restricted to stop the spread

80. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf )
Transmission: direct or indirect contact
Disease characteristics: sore patches around the mouth

81. Orf - disease characteristics
Ewes and does with painful teats will not allow lambs or kids to suckle, and these lambs and kids may die of starvation.
Adult animals that are affected will not eat properly and may lose condition
NB: Humans can become infected while handling affected animals

82. Orf - control strategies
There is no treatment for Orf. Antibiotic for secondary infection
Affected animals should be isolated.

83. Sheep and goat pox occurs in both sheep and goats.
most severe in very young animals.
Some young sheep and goats die before showing signs of the disease.
The disease spreads by direct contact between animals and contaminated materials.
Signs:
Sheep and goats become sick 1-7 days after infection.
Most animals are weak and tired and stop eating.

84. Sheep and goat pox
Infected animals experience a high fever for a short time.
A watery discharge from the nose and eyes.
Increased salivation.
often have distressed breathing.
Pregnant sheep and goats often abort.
Small red patches on the skin usually around the mouth, on the head, under the tail and between the legs. The patches become swellings under the skin. Then they become blisters that break and become open sores that soon develop scabs.

85. Sheep pox lesion observed on the skin
Sheep pox lesion observed under the tail

86. Sheep and goat pox – Control strategies
Treatment: There is no treatment for sheep and goat pox:
Topical antiseptic treatment of bad or deep sores.
Give antibiotics to prevent secondary infection
Annual vaccination

87. Tick borne diseases – Heart water
Species affected: Ruminants
Transmission : tick borne disease (Amblyoma spp)
Clinical signs
Incubation period 1 week-a month
Young animals (up to 3 weeks) are resistant
Imported breeds highly susceptible
clinical sign variable based on resistance of host
Per acute: Fever 42ºC,death after convulsion for about 36hrs
Acute form: High body temperature, loss of appetite

88. Heart water cont’d…
gradual development of nervous sign( staggering circling..)
dyspnea,
Increased pulse and respiration rate
Moist cough
Abortion in pregnant animals
Treatment : Oxytetracycline 10% (5-10 mg /kg IV)
Control : Systematic tick control

89. Respiratory symptoms Infectious Non-infectious Pneumonia Allergy Dust
Symptoms to look for
Elevated body temperature
Yellowish discharge
Heavy, labored breathing
Chest congestion
Non-infectious
Allergy
Dust
Poor ventilation
Nasal bots
Lung worms
A clear, bilateral, watery nasal discharge is relatively common, especially in sheep, usually due to poor ventilation and/or temperature fluctuations.

90. Normal stool is hard round balls”, but feeding can alter consistency.
Diarrhea – Scours Increased frequency, fluidity, or volume of fecal excretion.
Normal stool is hard round balls”, but feeding can alter consistency.
Infectious
Bacterial
E. coli
Salmonella
Viral
Protozoa
Coccidia
Cyrptosporidia
Giardia
Non-infectious
Parasites
Nutritional
Management
Stress

91. Role of Development Agents
Development agents are expected to do the following in their mandate areas:
Give regular public awareness education on the prevention and control of animal diseases
Coordinating the community on the prevention of animal diseases;
Reporting disease outbreaks;  
Keeping information on livestock resources in the mandate area;  

92. Role of Development Agents
Collect information on the disease situation of small ruminants in the area from the nearest clinic and/or Regional Laboratory to support action;
Collect information on the recent disease control activity in small ruminants in the area.
Create awareness among farmers on management, disease prevention and control needs of improved genotypes

93. Role of Development Agents
Prepare vaccination calendar in consultation with the community and the nearest veterinary clinic and follow up its implementation;
Ensure that animals are regularly treated for internal and external parasites;
Ensure availability of assigned animal health personnel for close health follow up;
Ensure availability of essential drugs for the improved genotypes

94. Role of Development Agents
Assist SDSPs to provide sustainable external parasite control service to the community
Assist the farmer to plant improved forage
Follow up the required data to be collected
Submit monthly disease reporting format to the woreda office of agriculture
Report disease outbreak to the nearest clinic, implement bio-security and collect information on the outbreak.