1. Occupationally Deprived Groups in Estonia Karin Lilienberg, M.D, MSc, OT Head of the Chair/ lecturer of OT Katrin Viira, 3rd year student of OT Britta Frank, 3rd year student of OT Tallinn Health College, ESTONIA Socrates/Erasmus IP “Community Based Occupational Therapy with Occupationally Deprived Groups” (Towards Social Inclusion) Ankara, 9th of October 2006 Occupationally Deprived Groups in Estonia Karin Lilienberg, M.D, MSc, OT Head of the Chair/ lecturer of OT Katrin Viira, 3rd year student of OT Britta Frank, 3rd year student of OT Tallinn Health College, ESTONIA Socrates/Erasmus IP “Community Based Occupational Therapy with Occupationally Deprived Groups” (Towards Social Inclusion) Ankara, 9th of October 2006

2. Estonian educational structure

3. Tallinn Health College http://www.ttk.ee

4. Tallinn Health College 1940 – Nurses School 1964 - Tallinn Medical School 2005 - Tallinn Health College –Applied higher education level - studying over 1200 students –Vocational education level – 30 students –Seven study programmes –Foreign relations, project work SOCRATES/ERASMUS, Tempus, Interreg, Leonardo da Vinci

5. Study programmes On the level of applied higher education Nurse - study period 3,5 years Midwife – study period 4,5 years Optometrist – study period 3,5 years Pharmacist – study period – 3 years Occupational therapist – study period 4 years Dental technician – study period 3,5 years On the level of vocational education Practical nurse – study period 2 years

6. Occupational therapist

9. Geographical and historical figures of ESTONIA Area: 45.227 km² Population: 1.35 million Gender ratio Male: 46 % female: 54 % Urban: 69 % rural: 31 %

10. Employment status of working-age people (15 – 65 yrs) in ESTONIA Employed: 595 500 people Unemployed: 63 600 people Inactive: 388 700 people Estonian Statistical Office’s Labor Force Survey 2004

11. Occupationally deprived Mudlarks Handicapped Refugees Unemployed

12. Unemployment risk groups young people the long-term unemployed disabled people non-Estonians not speaking Estonian job seekers with a low education level jobseekers aged over 45

13. MUDLARK, URCHIN, STREET CHILDREN children <18yrs old living on the streets and bulevards companions and social connections are on the streets very little connections or contacts with adults, parents, school, childcare institutions, social servises

14. Identification features of mudlark (street children) Clothing – filthy clothes, never been washed, don’t respond to the weather conditions. Common that child is grown out of its clothes that forces to go home for winter. But in spring with warm weather they are back on the streets again

15. Identification features of mudlark (street children) Homeless –In Estonian weather the mudlark need a place that can be called home. Home might be a cellar of a big house, abandoned building or a shed. Socialworkers and police are not noticing the children on the streets. Despite that the mudlark remark their existence in public places, which are streets, shops, all night open shops etc.

16. Identification features of mudlark (street children) Inadequate nutrition - children are starving. Younger kids ask food from neighbours and by passers. When they are older they ask rather money than food. If they succeed to get money they rather buy candies and sweet, they don’t have habit to eat warm food

17. Why do children leave home? Condition of the family – conflicts with parents, parents not succeeding in life (poverty, lack of work, alcoholism, drug addiction. The environment that the child lives in is important (where he or she lives, who are her or his friends etc.)

18. How many children are on the streets in Estonia ? Nobody knows. Many children are not filed or registered. They change places where they live – usually to the worse contition. Frequent moving is causing the loss of documents and the loss on registration and loss of legal earnings – social security

19. Identification for mudlarks (street children) Mudlark earns money for surviving Prostitution Juvenile crime Living on the streets Forming/ combination of group, gang Using toxical stuff

20. Goals of streetwork Establish contact with children who are escaped from home and children who are in danger Get friends with the youngsters, help them to fit in Make new contacts with youngsters, based on trust and reliability Offer information, consultation, advices and guiding Guide young people to the services they need Collaborate with different institutions Get a view of the children who are on the streets Document the operation with street children Help to create the services that are necessary for children who are in streets (Schickle 1997, 22,23).

21. Services for street children CHILDCARE – children’s protection, helping and lookout – assured by government, municipal government and social institutions ORPHANAGE – an institution/ replacement home for orphans and children with out parents care. DAYCENTER - an institution for slight managing and less insured families FOSTER HOME– officially home for one or many kids for short or long term staying. There are no relations between the kid and the family. The parents get contributions from the government and if it is necessary the family collaborates with the children’s biological parents HOSPICE - a temporary custody institution for abandoned kids and for those kids and women who are escaping from home violence