1. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved1 Terrorism and The Muslim Brotherhood “God is our purpose, the Prophet our leader, the Qu’ran our constitution, jihad our way and dying for God’s cause our supreme objective.” Hassan al-Banna founder of the Muslim Brotherhood http://MuslimBrotherhoodTerrorism.webs.com

2. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved2 http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com/ The PowerPoint presentations and a short paper ("What Islam is Not”) are found on the website http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com/ http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com/ If you do not have Microsoft PowerPoint, you can download a free PowerPoint viewer using this link: http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID =048DC840-14E1-467D-8DCA- 19D2A8FD7485&displaylang=en For Mac users, you can use this site to download the free Microsoft PowerPoint viewer for Mac: http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID =e25cb1e5-209c-4a58-b283- 23e84b616477&displaylang=en http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID =048DC840-14E1-467D-8DCA- 19D2A8FD7485&displaylang=en http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID =e25cb1e5-209c-4a58-b283- 23e84b616477&displaylang=en

3. Course Overview Session 1: The Creation of Islam Session 2: Muslim Conquest and Radical Islam Session 3: The Creation of Al Qaeda Session 4: The Arab Spring Session 5: The Global Caliphate © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved3

4. 4 Class Session 3: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Creation of Al Qaeda

5. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved5 Class Session 3: Creation of al Qaeda Review –Scholars of radicalism –Shocks to the Muslim world Islamic Terror Leaders –The Blind Sheikh - Omar Abdul Rahman and Islamic Group –Abdul Azzam –Osama bin Laden –Ayman al-Zawahiri

6. © Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved6 Review of Class Session 2 Radical Islamic Scholars –Ibn Tamiya – replace governments by jihad –Abdul Whahhab – return to 7 th century practices –Hassan Al Banna – founded Muslim Brotherhood –Sayyed Qutb – jihad on the West and Jews Shocks to the Muslim world –Fall of the Ottoman Empire 1922 –Creation of Israel 1948 –Re-Installation of the Shah of Iran 1953 –Suez Crisis 1956 –Six Day War 1967 –Yom Kippur War 1973 –Iranian Revolution 1979 –Grand Mosque Siege 1979 –Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979 –Iran-Iraq War 1980’s followed by Iraq invading Kuwait

7. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved7 “The Blind Sheikh” Omar Abdul Rahman Founded and directs Islamic Group (al-Gama’a al- Islamiya) Jailed by Nassar, again following Sadat assasination, meets Zawahiri in jail Issued fatwas for to kill Christians and Jews “a state of war exists between Muslims and Christians” 1980 fatwa stating a heretical leader deserved to be killed by the faithful Sought US while on State Dept. watch list, called for violence against the west in US and Canada lectures Directed 1993 bombing of World Trade Center by Ramsi Yousef, (trained in Al-Qaeda camp). Six dead, 1042 injured. Plotted to attack five other NYC targets. Rahman convicted with nine co-defendants for WTC, bombing conspiracies; and plotting to assassinate Egyptian President Mubarak; sentenced to with no possibility of parole.

8. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved8 Abdul Azzam Palestinian Islamic scholar and theologian Preached for jihad against the Soviets Raised funds, recruited and organized international Islamic volunteer efforts through the 1980s. Based in Peshawar; training camps in Afghanistan. In 1984 persuaded Osama bin Laden to relocate to Afghanistan and recruit Arabs for jihad Emphasized the political ascension of Islamism Disagreed with bin Laden and Zawahiri in 1988 on the next front in global jihad after Soviet withdrawal Assassinated along with his sons by a bomb in Peshawar in November 1989

9. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved9 Abdullah Azzam 1979 fatwa declaring both Afghan and Palestinian struggles are jihads, killing occupiers is a personal obligation for all Muslims. “Jihad and the rifle alone: no negotiations, no conferences and no dialogues.” "Muslims cannot be defeated by others. We Muslims are not defeated by our enemies, but instead, we are defeated by our own selves.“ "Every Muslim on earth should unsheathe his sword and fight to liberate Palestine. The Jihad is not limited to Afghanistan. Jihad means fighting. You must fight in any place you can get. Whenever Jihad is mentioned in the Holy Book, it means the obligation to fight." "History does not write its lines except with blood. Glory does not build its loft edifice except with skulls; Honor and respect cannot be established except on a foundation of cripples and corpses"

10. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved10 Ayman al-Zawahiri “The brains of Al Qaeda” Joined the Muslim Brotherhood at age 14 Followed Sayyid Qutb’s teachings to form a vanguard of true Muslims to restore Islam and free Muslims…ignore learning and culture of non-Muslim groups …look to the Qur'an for orders to obey, not "learning and information" or solutions to problems 1981: Feb. plot to assassinate Sadat - 1500 Islamic Jihad members imprisoned; missed Zawahiri. Sadat assassinated in Oct.by Islamic Jihad Arrested and tortured in prison; spokesman for defendants; convicted and released 1984 Worked at a clinic in Saudi Arabia, relocated to Peshawar in 1985 Zawahiri in 2007 Zawahiri Dec. 1982Medical School, Cairo Univ.

11. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved11 Ayman al-Zawahiri Treated Afghan war refugees in Kuwaiti Red Crescent hospital; Reconstituted Egyptian al-Jihad and became radicalized by association with Sayyid Imam (aka Dr. Fadl) and Algerian Dr. Ahmed el-Wed Embraced takfir: excommunication of Muslims, removing prohibitions to killing them 1988 as Soviets withdraw Zawahiri turns to global jihad; offers to join his Al-Jihad mujahedeen with bin Laden’s Arab mujahedeen to form Al Qaeda

12. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved12 Ayman al-Zawahiri 1990s offered information on Egypt to Iranians in return for assistance for Islamic revolution in Egypt 1996 Expelled from Sudan for a failed assassination attempt on Egyptian Prime Minister Mubarek; settled in Afghanistan with bin Laden 1997 Luxor Massacre killed 60 killed tourists to sabotage a peace initiative between Egyptian government and al- Gama’a al-Islamiya Luxor Massacre, Nov. 17, 1997

13. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved13 Al Zawahiri and Russia 1996 expulsion from Sudan; fake passport shows travels to Switzerland, Bosnia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong Late 1996 caught crossing into Chechnya, detained in Russia six months by the FSB; released on the Azerbaijani border Unlikely the Russians could not identify him; his trial and release is highly unusual: Russian conviction rates are around 99% Former FSB and KGB agents allege Zawahiri was being trained by FSB instructors in Dagestan, Northern Caucasus, in 1996-1997 and that he was one of several links between al- Qaeda and the FSB

14. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved14 Osama bin Laden 1957: born the 17th son of Mohammed bin Laden 1971: At age 14 experiences a spiritual awakening and becomes extremely pious 1967 and 1973: Israel’s victories in the Six Day War and Yom Kippur War profoundly affect bin Laden. 1974: While in high school he joins the Muslim Brotherhood in Saudi Arabia, and marries his first wife Mohammad bin Laden (right) with King Faisal

15. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved15 Osama bin Laden 1979: at King Abdul Azziz University in Jedda his teachers include: –Abdullah Azzam, founder of Hezbollah, the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, backed by Iran –Mohammed Qutb the brother of Sayyed Qutb, founder of Hamas 1981: Osama graduates from King Abdul Aziz University with degree in economics and public administration. Sayyed Qutb (top) and Abdullah Azzam

16. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved16 Osama bin Laden 1981 Saudi government awards construction contracts to bin Laden to build roads and other facilities in Afghanistan. Bin Laden is also an informal liaison between Saudi Arabian intelligence (GID) and international Muslim religious networks including Jamaat, and leading Saudi-backed Afghan commanders such as Gulbadein Hekmatyar. Bin Laden opposes the US and Pakistani-backed Afghan force under Ahmed Shah Massoud, a hero of the Afghan resistance against the Soviets. Massoud later battles to free Afghanistan from the communist government, other warlords, and the Taliban.

17. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved17 Afghanistan – Azzam and bin Laden 1984: Azzam opens Services Bureau; bin Laden visits Pakistan and Afghanistan, finances Muslim recruiting 1986: bin Laden builds training camps as thousands of Muslim fighters arrive in Afghanistan

18. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved18 Afghanistan – Osama bin Laden 1987: bin Laden builds the Lion’s Den” near Jaji and Tora Bora April-May 1987: bin Laden’s Arab mujahideen launch failed harassing attacks Battle of Jaji: 50 Arabs hold off 200 Soviets, then withdrew after losing a dozen fighters. Bin Laden uses this event to promote his image as an Islamic military hero. Bin Laden continues to recruit, train and equip Arab fighters for Islamic military operations after Afghanistan

19. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved19 Afghanistan - Osama bin Laden 1989: Battle to capture Jalalibad - bin Laden wastes hundreds of his fighters in pointless martyrdom attacks. After Jalalibad falls to Afghan mujahedin troops he leaves Afghanistan. 1990: He is expelled from Pakistan after trying to buy “no confidence” votes in a referendum on Benazir Bhutto’s government. 1991: Saudi Arabia issues bin Laden a temporary passport to recover his assets from Pakistan, then return to live under house arrest. Instead, he establishes operations in Sudan.

20. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved20 Founding Al-Qaeda Bin Laden lectured in the Hayatabad hospital in Pakistan where Zawahiri worked; 1988 they form al Qaeda Azzam wants Al Qaeda as an Islamic army to fight in Palestine Zawahiri wants bin Laden’s wealth for his Al Jihad in Egypt Azzam is charged with crimes and judged by sharia courts; he survives one assassination attempt but he and his sons are killed by a bomb on their way to a mosque

21. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved21 Bin Laden in Sudan 1989 Islamist coup; Hasan al-Turabi president of Sudan; invites bin Laden to Sudan in 1990 Bin Laden invested widely, is paid with land During Gulf War (Aug1990 - Feb1991) Saudis invite coalition forces to be based in the Kingdom. Bin Laden offers Al Qaeda instead of allowing infidels to enter the holy land of Islam. Al Qaeda now focuses on US as the sole world power that might block the rise of an Islamic global revolution Al Qaeda justifies civilian deaths using the teachings of Ibn Tamiyah: true Muslims will go to paradise, unbelievers to hell

22. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved22 Bin Laden in Sudan Dec. 1992 Al Qaeda bombs hotel in Aden to kill US troops enroute to humanitarian aid operations in Somalia. Bin Laden sends fighters and support to attack US forces in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope in 1992. Bin Laden offers weapons and training to terrorist organizations. 1993+ supported GIA in Algeria that killed 100,000+ in Algerian civil war Apr.1993 Zawahiri attempts assassination Egyptian Interior Minister; Nov. 1993 attempts assassination of Egyptian President Hasni Mubarek Yemen, Algeria, Egypt pressure Saudis to stop bin Laden from supporting revolutions in their countries Marriott Aden, 1992 US Blackhawk, Somalia, 1992

23. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved23 Bin Laden in Sudan 1993 bin Laden attempts to purchase uranium. Funds Sudanese efforts to develop chemical weapons to use on Christian rebels in southern Sudan Feb. 1993 Ramzi Yousef attacks World Trade Center. Trained as a bomb-maker in Arab training camps in Afghanistan. US pressures Sudan to expel bin Laden 1994 takfiri rebels kill 18 attacking bin Laden in Khartoum. Zawahiri places Egyptian guards on bin Ladens 1994 King Fahd revokes bin Laden’s citizenship, seizes his Bin Laden Group shares; family halts his allowance Aug1995 bin Laden issues manifesto against King Fahd 1993 WTC Bombing

24. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved24 Return to Afghanistan April 1996: International sanctions begin on the Sudan; US pressures Sudan to expel bin Laden. May 1996: Bin Laden establishes a farm south of Jalalabad. 1989-1994: Opposing rebel groups fight the Communist government and each other for control of the country 1996: The Taliban rise to power under by Mullah Omar Bin Laden provides funds to the Taliban who, in return, don’t interfere as he builds training camps and recruits, trains and equips al Qaeda fighters. Mullah Muhammad Omar

25. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved25 1996 Khobar Towers 1996: From Kandahar bin Laden surrounds himself with thousands of Arab jihadists, not Afghans; provides money and vehicles to the Taliban; plans attacks on US and Israeli interests; uses mass media to spread call for jihad. CIA starts bin Laden unit in their Counterterrorist Center. June 1996 truck bomb attack on US Khobar Towers military barracks near Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 19 wounding hundreds. Aug. 23, 1996: Calls for Muslims everywhere to kill US, UK, Australian and Israeli citizens, and those who assist them.

26. 1998 – Kenya and Tanzania Embassies Aug. 7, 1998: Suicide bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania 224 killed, 4085 wounded Attacks funded, planned, and ordered by bin Laden. US attacks bin Laden at Zashar Kili on Aug. 20 with tomahawk missiles, and simultaneously strikes a chemical factory in Khartoum. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved26

27. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved27 2000; USS Cole (DDG-67) 1999 CIA estimates al Qaeda operates in 60 countries, many with sleeper cells, with an annual budget over $30M. National Commercial Bank in Saudi Arabia in 2000 showed more than $3M flowed from its accounts to bin Laden in that year. International Islamic Relief Organization (IRRO), acknowledged it gave $60M to the Taliban. Oct. 12, 2000: suicide boat attacks USS Cole in Yemen, killing 17. Attack planned, funded, and approved by bin Laden, and directed by Abu Zubaydah.

28. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved28 September 2001 Sept. 9, 2001: Al Qaeda suicide bombers assassinate Ahmed Shah Massoud, leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, and hero of the war against the Soviets and the Taliban. Sept. 11, 2001: Al Qaeda attacks the World Trade Center and Pentagon with civilian airliners. A fourth plane, targeting Washington, crashes in Pennsylvania. 2,997 people are killed. Oct. 7, 2001: US and UK launch offensive actions against al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan Ahmed Shah Massoud

29. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved29 Class Session 3: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Creation of Al Qaeda

30. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved30 Abu Zubaydah Ahmed Ressam, convicted April 2001 for L.A. airport bomb plot, described Zubaydah as a recruiter Field commander for Oct 2000 bombing USS Cole in Yemen, 17 sailors killed Established cell in Jordan for 2000 attack on the Radisson hotel in Amman, targeting US and Israeli tourists. Police arrested 22 conspirators and foiled the attack. Zubaydah sentenced to death in absentia by Jordan. Al-Qaeda's top military strategist following death of Muhammad Atef in Nov 2001. Plotted to bomb US embassies in Paris and Sarajevo. Placed operatives in countries to prepare for attacks. 2002, US located Abu Zubaydah by tracing phone calls; captured along with Abdul Zahir and others on Mar. 28, 2002, in a safehouse in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Wounded in capture the CIA treated him and relocated him to Thailand. Waterboarded, provided information about 9/11, transferred to Guantanamo Bay

31. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved31 Al Qaeda 1996-1998 1996: Bin Laden offers $1M for assassination of Senator Hank Brown. Feb. 23, 1998: Bin Laden announces a new coalition: the “International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders”. His manifesto is signed by Ayman al-Zawahiri and militant leaders in Egypt, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Kashmir and is widely published.

32. © Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved32