1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.1 Chapter 10 Emotion This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images any rental, lease or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.2 Chapter 10 Outline Negative emotions are better understood than are positive ones. Positive psychology is a new field, and eventually we may understand positive emotions. Emotions as Response Patterns Communication of Emotions Feelings of Emotions

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.3 Emotions as Response Patterns Fear Medial nucleus A group of subnuclei of the __________that receives sensory input, including information about the ________________________________pheromones, and relays it to the medial basal forebrain and hypothalamus.

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.4 Emotions as Response Patterns Fear ________________ (CE) The region of the amygdala that receives information from the basolateral division and sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain; involved in emotional responses. The ___________________for expressing emotions induced by ________stimuli. ________________ (LA) A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory information from the neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and sends projections to the ventral striatum, the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, and the central nucleus.

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.5 Major connections of the __________

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.6 Emotions as Response Patterns Fear If the ______________ is damaged subjects show little fear, they act tame, they show low levels of stress hormones, do not develop ulcers, or stress induced diseases. Conditioned emotional response A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus.

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.7 Brain regions and responses activated by the central nucleus of the amygdala.

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.8 Procedure to develop conditioned emotional response in rats.

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.9 Emotions as Response Patterns Research with humans Patients who experienced surgical stimulation of the amygdala reported ___________________. Lesions of the amygdala have been reported to decrease human emotional responses, and interfere with the relationship between _______________________. Subjects are able to recognize happy or sad music, but not ____________ music.

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.10 Increase amygdala activity when subjects read threatening words.

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.11 Emotions as Response Patterns Anger, aggression, and impulse control Aggressive behaviors are species-typical, and serve useful functions much of the time. Almost all species of animals engage in aggressive behaviors, which involve threatening gestures or actual attack directed toward another animal. Aggression is ___________________________________________. Aggressive behaviors are species-typical and involve patterns of movements organized by neural circuits programmed by an animal’s ______.

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.12 Emotions as Response Patterns Research with laboratory animals Overwhelming evidence suggests that the activity of ___________________synapses inhibits aggression. Destruction of serotonergic axons in the forebrain _____________________. High levels of 5-HIAA indicate ___________levels of serotonergic activity. Low 5-HIAA levels are associated with dangerous unprovoked _________________________.

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.13 Alive or dead male monkeys

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.14 Emotions as Response Patterns Research with humans Research suggest that serotonergic neurons play an ____________________ human aggression. Depressed rates of serotonin release are associated with aggression and other forms of antisocial behavior including assault, arson, murder, and child beatings. Studies have found that fluoxetine (Prozac), a serotonin ___________, decreased irritability and aggressiveness.

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.15 Emotions as Response Patterns Role of the Prefrontal Cortex Orbitofrontal cortex The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline. This region is involved in assessing our emotional states, and _______________________of different courses of action. It helps us avoid _________________________.

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.16 Major divisions of ventral prefrontal cortex: a) orbitofrontal, b) ventromedial.

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.17 Phineas Gage

18. Phineas Gage was unable to carry out plans, and his actions were irresponsible and thoughtless. Before injury he was serious, industrious and energetic. Subjects with a history of impulsive violence exhibit a deficit in serotonergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex. Subjects with a history of antisocial behavior have decreased volume of the prefrontal cortex. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.18

19. The expression of emotion Emotional expression is useful because it communicates how we feel, and it communicates what we are likely to do. Paul Ekman studies cross-cultural facial expressions to emotions. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.19

20. Revision 2006 PSB Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) has isolated 10 emotions. And most of them are present in infancy, excluding contempt, shame and guilt. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.21 HappySadangerdisgust

22. Revision 2006 PSB How Well do People Identify Emotions?

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.23 Communication of Emotions Laterality of emotional recognition Many studies have found that the _____hemisphere plays a more important role than the _____ hemisphere in comprehension of emotion.

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.24 Comprehension of semantic meaning of words is bilateral (more on the left), but the comprehension of emotion by tone of voice activates just the right prefrontal context.

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.25 Communication of Emotions Role of imitation in recognition of emotional expressions There appears to be a possible link between somatosensation and emotional recognition. Damage to the somatosensory cortex (especially on the right side) appears to impair the ability to recognize and identify facial expressions of emotion. When we see a facial expression we______________ ___________________________________________ and this provides cues for its recognition. Right side lesions to the somatosensory cortex impair recognition of emotional expression. Subjects with facial paralysis (Moebius syndrome) _________________________________________.

26. Disgust – an emotion provoked by something that smells bad or tastes bad. Damage to the insular cortex and basal ganglia impair the ability of subjects to recognize facial expressions of _______. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.26

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.27 Disgust may have its origin in _____________ _______.

28. Expression of emotions It is not easy to express emotions that are not ________. Method acting is a system that instructs actors to image a situation that would lead them to experience the desired emotion. Duchenne showed contractions of muscles around the ____ expressed by true smiles are involuntary, and cannot be contracted at will. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.28

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.29 Dr. Duchenne electrically stimulating muscles in the face of a volunteer. A true smile involves muscles around the eyes.

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.30 Communication of Emotions Neural basis of communication of emotions _______________________ Difficulty moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex. Patients can express genuine emotions, but cannot _________________________. ________________________ Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily, caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex.

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.31 Volitional facial paresisEmotional facial paresis

32. The right hemisphere is more _________________________________________. Right hemisphere lesions impair expression of ____________________________________. Left hemisphere lesions only impair __________________________________________. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.32

33. Class Experiment In this experiment a computer has been used to split the human face into two images. One image is composed of the left-side and a mirror image of the left half of the face. The second image is composed of the right-side and the mirror image of the right half of the face. Vote for the most expressive side!

34. Which side has a bigger smile? Left Right Vote! Which side displays more emotion? –1. Left –2. Right

35. Bigger Smile? More Familiar? L R Vote! Which side displays more emotion? –1. Left –2. Right

36. Bigger Smile? More Familiar? L R Vote! Which side displays more emotion? –1. Left –2. Right

37. Bigger Smile? More Familiar? L R Vote! Which side displays more emotion? –1. Left –2. Right

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.38 1 neutral, 2 fear, 3 anger, 4 happiness, 5 sadness, 6 disgust, 7 surprise. This subject with amygdala lesions can produce these posed emotions, but cannot recognize the ______________.

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.39 Feelings of Emotions James-Lange Theory A theory of emotion that suggests that behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by ____________________________________ The stimulus produces the physiological response, and the physiological response induces the emotion. Our emotional feelings are based on what we find our _______________. We tend to imitate the expressions of other people, and our imitation may produce _____________.

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.40 The infant models the face posed by the adult.

41. Revision 2006 PSB The Expressive Component Nonverbal Communication The Facial EMG Electrodes placed on the face record activity in various muscles. _________emotions increase activity in _______. _________emotions increase activity in forehead and brow areas. Electromyograph (EMG)

42. Revision 2006 PSB The Expressive Component Sensory Feedback Facial-Feedback Hypothesis The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can produce corresponding changes in emotion Zajonc, et al. had subjects repeat vowel sounds. Making some sounds - “ah” and “e” - caused smiling and ____________mood. Making other sounds - “u” and “ü” - caused frowning and ___________ mood.