1. The Human Body
The Cell

2. Chemistry of Living Things
The stuff of life
Elements: pure substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by ordinary means
Ex: foil wrap, bulb filament, diamond
Compounds: two or more elements that are chemically joined together
Ex: water (hydrogen and oxygen), table salt (sodium and chlorine)

3. Chemistry of Living Things
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds that may or may not contain the element carbon
Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
Ex: ammonia, rust, water
Carbon dioxide is an exception

4. Chemistry of Living Things
Organic Compounds
A compound found in living things that contains carbon
The carbon usually combines with other elements such as oxygen and hydrogen
Organic refers to life

5. Chemistry of Living Things
Organic compounds that are basic to life:
Carbohydrates
Fats and oils
Proteins
Enzymes
Nucleic acids

6. Chemistry of Living Things
Carbohydrates
The main source of energy for living things
Made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ex: sugar, starch
Many fruits are high in sugar; potatoes, rice, noodles, and bread are common sources of starch

7. Chemistry of Living Things
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are broken down inside the body into a simple sugar called glucose
The body uses glucose to produce the energy needed for life activities
If an organism has more sugar than it needs to meet its energy requirements, the excess is stored as starch for later use
Starch = a stored form of energy

8. Chemistry of Living Things
Fats and Oils
Energy rich compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids = scientific term for fats and oils
Fats- solid at room temperature
Oil- liquid at room temperature

9. Chemistry of Living Things
Proteins
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorous
Sources= eggs, meat, fish, beans, nuts, poultry

10. Chemistry of Living Things
Proteins
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids
About 20 different amino acids that combine in many different ways to form thousands of different proteins
Proteins perform many jobs
Ex: growth and repair, build body parts such as hair and muscles, provide energy, carry oxygen throughout the body, and some make chemical substances that regulate body activities

11. Chemistry of Living Things
Proteins – Enzymes
Special type of protein that regulates chemical activities in the body
Act as catalysts
Speeds up or slows down chemical reactions
Without enzymes, metabolism would not take place

12. Chemistry of Living Things
Nucleic acids
Organic chemicals
Very large compounds
Store information that helps the body make the proteins it needs
Control the way amino acids are put together so the correct protein is formed
“Blueprints” of life

13. Chemistry of Living Things
Nucleic acids
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
Stores the information needed to build a protein
Carries “messages” about an organism that are passed from parent to offspring
RNA – ribonucleic acid
“Reads” the message carried by the DNA
Guides the protein-making process

14. Chemistry of Living Things
Nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Together contain the information and carry out the steps that make each organism what it is

15. Chemistry of Living Things
Review
Most inorganic compounds do not contain the element carbon
Organic compounds do contain carbon
The organic compounds important to life are carbohydrates, fats and oils, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids

16. Chemistry of Living Things
Review
DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids that carry information that controls the building of proteins
DNA also is considered the “blueprint” for life as it directs the development of an organism’s offspring

17. The Cell The Cell Theory 1665- Cells first observed by Robert Hooke
Around the same time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was observing materials such as blood, rainwater, and scrapings from his teeth
He saw living cells in each material
He called these things “animalcules”
The smallest animalcules he observed were bacteria

18. The Cell Over the next 200 years…
German botanist Matthias Schleiden discovered that all plant parts he examined were made of cells
German zoologist Theodor Schwann made similar observations about animal parts
German physicist Rudolph Virchow discovered that all living cells come only from other living cells

19. The Cell The Cell Theory Developed from the work of these and others
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
Living cells come only from other living cells

20. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells are much too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope
One exception is the yolk of an egg, which is large single cell
Within cells are even smaller structures called organelles

21. Structures and Functions of Cells
Structures within a cell
Function in providing protection and support, forming a barrier between the cell and its environment, building and repairing cell parts, transporting materials,storing and releasing energy, getting rid of waste materials, and increasing in number

22. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Cell Membrane
In a plant cell, just inside the cell wall
In an animal cell, forms the outer covering of the cell
Provides protection and support for the cell
Animal cell membranes contain cholesterol which strengthen it
Controls movement of materials into and out of the cell

23. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Nucleus
The control center of the cell
Acts as the brain of the cell, regulating all of the activities of the cell
Nuclear membrane
Allows materials to pass into or out of the nucleus through pores

24. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Chromosomes
Rodlike objects in nucleus
Control activities of the cell including growth and reproduction
Responsible for passing on the traits of the cell to new cells
Made up of large, complex compounds called nucleic acids

25. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Nucleic acids
The two nucleic acids found in cells are DNA and RNA
Work together; store the information and carry out the steps in the protein-making process
DNA remains in the nucleus
RNA carries its protein-building instructions and leaves the nucleus

26. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Nucleolus
“little nucleus”
Believed to be the site of ribosome production

27. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Cytoplasm
Clear, thick, jellylike substance found between the nucleus and the cell membrane
Constantly moving, streaming throughout the cell

28. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Endoplasmic reticulum
Clear, tubular passageways
Transportation system
Carries proteins from one part of the cell to another

29. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Ribosomes
Grainlike bodies
Produced in nucleolus
Some attach to ER; some float freely in cytoplasm
Primarily RNA
Protein-making sites

30. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Ribosomes
The RNA in the ribosomes along with the RNA sent out from the nucleus directs the production of proteins
Many ribosomes are found in the endoplasmic reticulum
Once they have made the protein needed by the cell they can immediately drop them off into the passageways of the endoplasmic reticulum for transportation

31. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Mitochondria
Supply most of the energy for the cell
The “powerhouse” of the cell
Breaks down sugar into water and carbon dioxide gas, releasing large amounts of energy

32. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Mitochondria
The more active the cell, the more mitochondria it has
Have small amount of their own DNA
Once living organisms?
Can self-replicate

33. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Vacuole
Storage tank
Can store food, water, or other materials needed by the cell
Can also store waste products
Some animal cells have a few small ones
Plant cells often have one large one
In a plant, the water storage area

34. Structures and Functions of Cells
Most cells share similar characteristics
Lysosomes
Common in animal cells
Not often observed in plant cells
Contain enzymes to break down large food molecules which then get passed on to the mitochondria
Digest old cell parts
“Garbage crew” of the cell

35. Structures and Functions of Cells
Organelles found in plant cells only
Chloroplasts
Large, irregularly shaped green structures
Contain green pigment chlorophyll
Captures energy of sunlight to use in photosynthesis

36. Structures and Functions of Cells
Organelles found in plant cells only
Cell wall
Strong and stiff
Made of cellulose, a nonliving material
Rigid cell wall helps to protect and support the plant
Allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain dissolved materials to pass into and out of the cell

37. Review
Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were scientists who contributed to the development of the cell theory
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things
Living cells come only from other living cells

38. Review Cell wall-structure and support to plants
Cell membrane-regulates what goes in/out
Nucleus-control center
Chromosomes-contain instructions for cell
Endoplasmic reticulum-transportation
Ribosomes-make protein
Mitochondria-powerhouse of cell
Vacuoles-storage tanks of cell
Lysosomes-clean-up crew of cell
Chloroplasts-capture energy of sun