1. Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

2.  Define key terms  Explain the relationship of chain of infection to transmission of infection  Identify and describe the routes of infection  Understand how the immune system works  Identify the body’s normal defenses against infection Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

3.  Infection  Pathogen  Endemic  Pandemic  Virulent  Vaccination  Meningitis  Pneumonia  Tuberculosis  virus Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

4.  Fungi  Parasite Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

5.  Candidiasis  Public lice  AIDS  HIV  COPD  Sleep apnoea Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

7.  Reservoir = e.g. human  Portal of exit = e.g. nasal mucosa  Mode of transmission = e.g.insect bite  Portal of entry e.g. skin  Susceptible host = immunocompromised Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

8.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvRP3c5n 3P8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvRP3c5n 3P8 Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

9.  Vaccination  Good nutrition  Adequate rest  Disposal of rubbish  Masks, gloves  Medical asepsis  Surgical asepsis  HANDWASHING Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

10.  Lymphoid organs  Lymphocytes  B Cells and T cells made in bone marrow  Key organs: spleen, thymus and bone marrow  Macrophages  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De95q_b C894&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De95q_b C894&feature=related Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

11.  Produced in the bone marrow Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

12.  Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control ◦ Heredity ◦ Aging ◦ Environmental conditions ◦ Organism virulence Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

13.  Risk Factors You Can Control ◦ Stress ◦ Nutrition ◦ Fitness level ◦ Sleep ◦ Drug use ◦ Personal hygiene ◦ High-risk behaviors ◦ Exposure to products and services that increase risk Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

14. “when the body makes an error in the antigen- antibody response and builds up antibodies against it’s own tissue and attempts to destroy it” Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

15.  Naturally acquired active immunity –exposure to antigens in daily life “a killed or weakened version of a disease causing microrganism (antigen)” Stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against future attacks without causing the disease ◦ Artificially acquired active immunity ◦ injections, oral dose ◦ Naturally acquired passive immunity ◦ – passed through to foetus by mother or through breast feeding. ◦ T- and B-cell memory Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

16.  http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/ 7890/$File/natl-immunisation-sched- 21mar-11.pdf http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/ 7890/$File/natl-immunisation-sched- 21mar-11.pdf  http://www.immune.org.nz/ http://www.immune.org.nz/ Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

17. Disease causing micro-organisms 6 major types: 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Protozoans 5. Parasites Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

18. 3 types (classified by their shape) cocci, bacilli, spirilli Cocci  Staphylocci – normally present on the skin; MRSA  streptococci – Group A (strep throat; necrotising fascitis)  Meningococcal meningitis: stiff neck, Fever, severe headache, photophobia Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

19.  Pneumonia: ‘disease of the lung characterised by characterised by cough, chest pains, chills, fever and eventual respiratory failure”. - Most common forms caused by bacteria  Tuberculosis: “caused by bacteria infiltrating the respiratory system causing chronic inflammatory reaction in the lungs”. -airborne transmission -persistent cough, weight loss, coughing blood, early morning fever Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

20.  Not alive, but still pathogens ◦ The common cold ◦ Influenza ◦ Hepatitis: three different types  A (HAV)  B (HBV)  C (HCV)  Prion – the smallest known pathogen Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

21. ◦ Fungi ◦ Protozoans ◦ Parasitic worms Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

24.  The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back ◦ Immunity – “being able to resist a particualr disease by counteracting the substance that produces the disease” ◦ Antigens – “a substance capable of triggering an immune response” e.g. bacteria, virus ◦ Antibodies – “the body’s response to an antigen” ◦ Humoral immune response – the process whereby the body produces antibodies in response to antigens. ◦ Cell-mediated immunity  Lymphocytes  Macrophages Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011