1. Year 8 Revision Native Americans The role of buffalo and horses. The Indians needed buffalo and horses to survive. Buffalived on the Plains. Horses had been introduced by Spanish invaders. The Indians bred and traded (or even stole) them. Catching buffalo was quicker and easier on horseback. Wealth and status were measure by how many horses an Indian or tribe had. Horses carried the Indians and their belongings on their journey to find buffalo. Horses were used in war. Indians could not live on the Plains without horses because they would not survive. Plains Indians were nomads. They ate wild fruit and plants but did not settle long enough to grow crops. Women and children cut up the buffalo meant. It was eaten raw or cooked, some (known as jerky) for winter. The Indians believed a buffalo’s heart gave new life to the herd. Every part of a buffalo (except its heart, which was left on the Plain) was used for food, clothing and equipment. Reasons for warfare; To demonstrate skills, bravery and courage. Protect hunting grounds Steal horses or weapons Protect living space Glory Revenge or honour To help tribal unity How did they fight? In short raids with small groups of braves. Warriors gained honour by ‘counting coup’ – this meant performing feats such as touching and enemy with a hand or stick. Weapons; bows and arrows (made from stone, bone and wood). Retreating (to stay alive for their families) was seen as a responsible action. They would refuse to fight if they couldn't win. Scalping; took his spirit so he would not go to the afterlife Scalp dance; celebration and express thanks to the Great Spirit Uses of the buffalo; HAIR - Rope, decoration on clothing, stuffing for saddles and pillows. FAT - Soap, cooking FLESH - Meat eaten raw (usually the tongue and liver), or cooked, or dried and eaten during the winter when hunting was harder. FUR - Winter robes, sleeping blankets, clothing. RAWHIDE - Belts, shields, all types of bags and containers, horse harness and travois lashings, ropes, string. HORNS - Cups, spoons, ladles, headdress ornaments, toys, arrow straighteners TANNED HIDE - Tepee covers, robes, moccasins, leggings, clothes, saddle blankets, bags, dolls. STOMACH - Cooking vessel, buckets. MUSCLE SINEWS - Bowstrings and thread, HOOVES - Glue, tools, rattles. BONES - Knives, tools, arrow- heads, saddle frames, needles, sledge runners, dice. Indian Society Indians live in groups known as ‘bands’. Each band had a chief and a council, and was part of a tribe.  Bands; most people in a band were related to each other. Bands were led by chiefs and had councils of advisers. Council members agreed everything the band did. The survival and protection of the band as a whole was seen as more important than the individuals within it.  Chiefs and councils; Chiefs were chosen because of their wisdom and skills as warriors/hunters. They were rarely chiefs for life. Chiefs and councils decided where their bands would go and what should happen to those who broke with customs and traditions. But they did no have to be obeyed.  Tribes; bands in the tribes supported each other during crises. Tribal meetings of all the bands were held each year to arrange marriages, trade horses and discuss issues. Chiefs and elders formed the tribal councils that advised tribal chiefs. Some tribes (e.g. the Sioux) were part of larger groups called nations.  Warrior societies; the best warriors from each band formed its society. Members of the warrior societies supervised hunting and protected their bands from attack. All short raids and wars were led the warrior society and the band’s council would always consult them before they made decisions. ProblemSolution The lack of woodThe tipi was mainly made from buffalo skins with wooden poles. The strong windsTipis were coned shaped. The extremes of temperature The bottom was rolled up in summer to let air in and was banked with earth in winter to keep the inside warm. The need to move frequently Tipis could easily be taken down, so were ideal for life on the move. A collapsed tipi could form a travois and be pilled by a horse. Tipis; every Indian family lived in a tipi that was ideally suited to life on the Plains Family roles ; a band saw every member as being equally important to its survival. Men (braves) hunted and fought enemies. Women (squaws) made clothing, fed the family and looked after their tipi. Everyone looked after children, who were taught the skills of their parents. Elders were respected for their wisdom but were left behind to die if they threatened the survival of the band. Beliefs; Plains Indians believed in one Great Spirit that ruled over everything. All living things had their own spirits and had to be treated with respect because all life was holy. Land could not be bought and sold because no one owned it and some land was sacred. Through medicine men and visions, Indians could contact the spirit world and learn to work with it, making its power their own. Point Firstly / Secondly / Finally… Another reason why… Example For example… For instance… Explain This meant that… As a consequence…

2. Key words Disease Cholera Dr John Snow Back to back houses Water pump Public health Cotton mill Coal mining Pauper apprentice Overseer Trapper Bearers Drawers Conditions Industry Year 8 Revision Industrial Revolution Public Health; The well-being of a whole community, often dependant on the actions of the government. In the 1800s, public health in British cities was very poor. One particular problem occurred on Broad Street in London in 1854 when there was an outbreak of cholera. It happened very quickly and the majority of those who died became ill with extreme sickness and diarrhoea. In 1854, germs hadn’t yet been discovered and most people believed that disease was caused by an infectious mist or “miasma”. Dr. John Snow has been investigating cholera for six years and has been asked to go to Broad Street to try and work out what has caused the cholera outbreak. By using the sources, as well as interviewing members of the public, Dr. John Snow was able to prove that the stand pump on Broad Street was the source of the cholera outbreak. People, such as those in the workhouse, who used a different pump did not catch the disease. Snow had the Broad Street pump turned off and there were no new cases of cholera in the area. It was later found that a cesspool nearby had not been emptied properly and had begun to leak directly into Broad Street’s water supply. This seemed conclusive proof that cholera was transmitted through infected water. Inference Explanation (with specific source detail) / Development (ink to the question) x1 for 2 marks x2 for 4 marks x3 for 6 marks What can you see in the source? What does it tell you about public health? What can you see in the source? What does it tell you about life in Trimdon? Cotton industryCoal mining Factories in Britain had disgusting and dangerous working conditions. Most factory owners only cared about making a profit, not wasting money on providing a safe place to work. The machines were not fitted with any safety covers or guards and workers were not provided with goggles to protect their eyes. Factories were so noisy that people often went deaf and the dust made everyone sick. These hot sweaty places would smell as well…the stench would come from overflowing toilet buckets at the end of each room. In the 19th Century, coal mining was on the increase thanks to the Industrial Revolution. Small towns such as Trimdon were growing, and this growth could usually be seen around collieries (mines), quarries and other workings. Coal was one of the essentials of the Industrial Revolution. Without it, it was much more difficult to cook and heat your home. It was also important for the country's transport, such as the railways, and was used as a fuel for factories.

3. Year 9 Revision World War One Key words; Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Assassination Franz Ferdinand Gavrilo Princip Triple Entente Triple Alliance Allies Front line Western Front Eastern Front Trench No man’s land Stalemate Trench foot Shell shock Desertion Cowardice Harry Farr Court martial Weapons MAIN causes of World War One MilitarismAlliancesImperialismNationalism Britain was determined that their navy would remain the largest in the world so they began to build up their navy. Britain became very worried about the size of the German navy. A race between Germany and Britain began to build new battleships Countries in Europe were split into two parts; the Tripe Alliance and the Triple Entente. They promised to defend each other if a country in their alliance was attacked. Russia supported Serbia against Austria as the people in Serbia were from the same area as Russia. As relations between rival countries worsened their allies would support them and so the tension increased. In 1914 large parts of the world were controlled by the various European powers. The competition for colonies caused several disputes. For example in 1906 and 1911 Germany and France argued about Morocco. In order to gain colonies Germany began building up its navy very rapidly. European countries were very proud of themselves and would defend their country against attack or possible attack at any cost. Serbia wanted a ‘Greater Serbia’ as they felt that Serbian people in Austria deserved to be part of Serbia Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand planned to visit the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, on the 28 th June 1914. First attempt to assassinate the Archduke failed when the grenade thrown at his car hits another car in the convoy. On the way to the hospital Franz Ferdinand’s driver mistakenly took the wrong road. Gavrilo Princip seized the opportunity and shot both the Archduke and his wife. The Germans sent assurances that they would support the Austro- Hungarians. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for killing their Archduke. They attack Serbia. Russia who had promised to protect Serbia against attack got its army ready to attack Austria- Hungary. Germany, who supported Austria- Hungary, heard about Russian preparation for war. Germany declared war on Russia. Britain prepared its warships. Germany asked Belgium to allow German soldiers to march through their country to attack France. Belgium refused but Germany marched in regardless. Britain who had an alliance to protect Belgium from attack declared war on Germany. Austria- Hungary declared war on Russia. Britain and France declared war on Austria- Hungary Assassination of Franz Ferdinand What can you see in the source? What does it tell you about joining up? Why did men chose to fight? Patriotism – men decided to ‘do their bit for King and country’ as they thought the war would be over by Christmas People would sign up with their friends ‘go to war with your pals’ was the message as they promised to keep friends together who joined up at the same time. Government propaganda (leaflets, posters) persuaded men to sign up as they always made the British soldiers look like a hero, whilst Germans looked like cruel savages. White feathers were handed out, a mark of a coward, to men they thought should be in the army. Could win medals Girls love a man in uniform Joining up; A propaganda campaign was started by the government. Leaflets and posters were used to persuade men to join up. They made British soldiers look like heroes and German soldiers like savages. Women were encouraged to get their boyfriends or husbands to join up. Some women handed out white feathers as a mark of a coward to men who did not sign up. Joining up; By 1916 the number of volunteers had begun to slow down; people were beginning to realise that the war was not an adventure and men were dying or returning home wounded and crippled. The Government introduced conscription; any man, aged between 18 and 41 were forced to join up. Those who believed that the war was wrong and wouldn’t fight were call conscientious objectors.

4. Year 9 Revision World War One Trench warfare 12345678910 Impact A large extentA small extentSome extent Shell shock; Thousands of soldiers returned from the battlefields and trenches of the First World War reeling from the sheer horror of the conflict. Some men abandoned their posts, others suffered mental and physical disorders, from blindness to paralysis. Doctors often could not find any physical damage to explain the soldiers disabilities and some men who had never even been on the front line suffered the same ailments. Consequently many thought that these soldiers were cowards and deserters as shell shock was a sign of emotional weakness. ProblemsEmotions Death or injury on the front line, Hygiene – toilet is just a hole with a board, insects, washing, Rats, Trench foot – open sores, German machine guns Lice Ill health; bronchitis, ulcers, rashes, boils, TB, pneumonia, Terrified of the machine guns Safe behind the sandbags Disgusted by the latrines Officers feel lucky that they have a dugout with a bed and table Stressed about the bombs and guns, Unhappy about the conditions, Catching a blighty one – trying to get ill to be sent home. How much impact did war have on women? When the men went off to fight, the women were called upon to take their place. Many women were already in work, but their role was restricted to domestic labour, nursing, teaching, agricultural work, on the family smallholding, and a few other jobs considered suitable for women. Once they went to work in factories, drove trucks and ambulances, and did almost everything that only men had done before. Many working women left their low-paid, low-status jobs for higher paid work in munitions and other industries, achieving a new status in the eyes of society. Such gains, however, were short-lived, as most women returned to the home when the war ended. How much impact did war have on people at home? World War One was a ‘total war’; the whole of Britain and its resources were engaged in the conflict. Rationing; the government needed to control food (and coal) supplies to prevent Britain from being starved out of the war. Initially the government asked people to limit themselves voluntarily and to grow their own vegetables. Due to continued food shortages and inequality between the rich and poor the government introduced compulsory rationing. This system was fairer, reduced queuing for food and people became healthier. Coping day to day; the government used entertainment to maintain moral and provide escapism from the horrors of war. Caring for the injured; huge numbers of casualties meant there were more military hospitals needed, buildings were converted into hospitals and women were recruited to become nurses. Coping with death; Work and employment; some people were hugely affected by the war. Men in industries such as coal mining, were exempt from recruitment. Instead they were expected to work harder, for longer hours, with wage restrictions, and were often relocated to work without a choice. Impact of war; The cost of the First World War in human lives is unimaginable. Among the combatant nations, with the exception of the USA, there was barely a family that had not lost at least one son or brother; some had lost every male member. Entire towns and villages were wiped off the map, and fertile farmland was turned into deadly bog land. Financially, the economics of Europe were ruined, while the USA emerged as a major world power. By 1918, people hoped they would never again have to experience the slaughter and destruction they have lived through for the past four years. Treaty of Versailles; In June 1919, Germany was forced by the victorious countries to sign the treaty. Territory: Land lost to Britain, France, Belgium, Poland and Denmark. Reparations: Germany forced to sign a ‘blank cheque’, later settled at £6,600 million. Armaments: Army reduced to 100,000 men. No air force, 6 warships, no conscription. Rhineland demilitarized – German troops were not allowed there. War guilt: Germany held entirely responsible for the war breaking out. League of Nations: Germany not allowed to join. League of Nations BenefitsProblems Was set up to prevent wars. Was an international club for settling problems peacefully. 40 countries joined Solved disputes by discussion rather than war. Aimed to help countries deal with disease, drug smuggling, slavery and working conditions. Helped 400,000 prisoners of war get back to their homelands. Sorted disputes between Finland & Sweden as well as Greece & Bulgaria. Less than half the countries in the world joined. Germany wasn’t allowed to join. Politicians in the USA voted against the league. It didn’t have its own army to go in and prevent conflict. Weapons Tanks Artillery Rifle Flame thrower Grenade Mustard/chlorine gas Battle of the Somme; 1916 The Allies planned to break through the German lines north of the river Somme, France.. The British began a 6 day artillery bombardment on German lines but the Germans retreated into deep bunkers and were largely unharmed. As British infantry advanced, German machine gunners emerged from their bunkers and opened fire. Believing the artillery bombardment had destroyed German lines, the infantry marched in long, slow waves towards the enemy who literally mowed them down.