1. Mrs. Pieczynski Oral Communication
Public Speaking
Mrs. Pieczynski
Oral Communication

2. Public Speaking Getting Ready and Gathering Information
Preparing Your Speech
Presenting Your Speech

3. Getting Ready Choosing Your Topic Knowing Your Purpose
Writing a Thesis
Knowing Your Audience
Knowing Your Occasion
Supporting Your Thesis Statement
Gathering Information

4. 1. Choosing Your Topic Start with a general subject area.
Limit your topic to a specific category within that area.
Limit your topic again so that you can cover it effectively in one speech. (examples, parts, uses, etc)
EXAMPLES
Places a fishing location the best place in NEPA to fish for Bass
Jobs lawn care my summer lawn care job
People my grandfather why I admire my grandfather

5. 2. Knowing Your Purpose 3 General Purposes Specific purpose
Speech to Inform
Presents new information or new insights
EX: teachers giving lectures, announcers broadcasting news
Speech to Persuade
Tries to change an attitude or believe, or move an audience to action
EX: politicians urging voters for support, lawyers addressing a jury
Speech to Suit a Special Occasion
Entertains or amuses an audience or recognizes a specific reason for the audience being present (promotes group bonding or social cohesion)
EX: club officers giving a “roast” to a member at a banquet, valedictorian addressing graduates and their families
Specific purpose
Expressed in a declarative sentence.
Stated precisely.
Contains only one idea.
Includes words that show intent. (explain, show, give OR prove, convince motivate)

6. 3. Writing a Thesis
A complete sentence that expresses the speaker’s most important idea, or key point, about a topic. This statement guides the development of a speech.
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: I want to explain the characteristics of the six major classifications of show dogs.
THESIS: Show dogs are classified according to their characteristics as hounds, terriers, working dogs, toys, sporting dogs, and nonsporting dogs.
General Purpose: To Persuade
Specific Purpose: I want to convince the class that they should read To Kill a Mockingbird.
THESIS: TKAM is an excellent book because it features interesting characters, thought-provoking issues, and an exciting plot.

7. 4. Knowing Your Audience Demographic data (age, culture, education)
Knowledge, beliefs, and feelings about the topic

8. 5. Knowing Your Occasion When? (date and time)
Where? (size of room, seating arrangement, podium)
What are the restrictions? (Time Limit, Extemporaneous, Impromptu, Memorized, Script, Speaking Note Cards)

9. 6. Supporting Your Thesis
Facts (can be verified)
Opinions (personal vs. expert)
Examples (single instance that supports a statement)
Illustrations (a detailed example)
Anecdotes (brief, often amusing, story)
Statistics (numerical facts) *not too many!*
Comparisons (figurative vs. literal), or Contrasts
Definitions (explains what a word or concept means)
Descriptions (word picture of a person, place, thing, event)
Quotations (someone’s exact words) *Not too many! Not too lengthy!*
ALWAYS CITE YOUR SOURCES!

10. 7. Gathering Information
Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience
Personal Experience and Observation
Collecting Information from Others
Interviews, Surveys, Request Letters
Using the Library or Media Center
Librarian, Ref. Books, Journals, A/V Materials
Recording Your Information
Name of Source, Author, Page #, Info (Q , P, S?)
Identifying Your Sources
Use at least 3 credible sources, VARIETY of types

11. Preparing Your Speech
Outlines
Introduction
Body
Conclusion

12. Outline: Why Plan It?
Helps you to test the strength of your ideas and the logic of the structure of your speech (ideas that sound good at first might be weak once you outline them)
Helps you organize your information, and a clear organization helps your audience to recognize your main points and follow their development
Helps tremendously when you rehearse your speech
Provides a base for good speaker notes

13. Introduction: Why Plan It?
Attention: capture their sustained interest and focus
Goodwill: audience’s respect and positive feelings. what you say in your opening remarks and the way in which you say it (your tone, your inflection, and other nonverbal signals)determines whether or not your audience will trust and accept you
Interest: refers to the involvement or concern your audience shows about your topic - include facts, examples and other information that will hold your audience’s attention

14. Introduction: Effective Attention Getters
Startling statements: surprise your audience!
Question: your audience will listen carefully for the answer
Story: everybody loves a story/anecdote, but be careful to make sure it’s immediately relevant and brief
Quotation: from a recognized expert or one that illustrates your topic in a creative way
Personal reference: immediately relates the speech topic to the audience’s experience
Audiovisual materials: to support your words of intro and add variety and interest to your speech (picture slideshow, music, charts, graphs, etc.)

15. Introduction: Steps Attention-Getter Reason to Listen Thesis
Credibility Statement
Preview Key Ideas

16. Body: Why Plan It?
Determine the main points you want to stress (no more than 5)
Organize the main points in a consistent pattern the audience can follow
Outline all the material you plan to use in the speech
* Because the body of the speech contains the most important information, many experienced speakers prepare it first

17. Body: Unity
As you sort and arrange your material and group related ideas, take care to keep unity (oneness) in mind
All parts of the speech should fit together to make a ‘whole’ and all of the information contained in the speech should relate to a specific purpose

18. Body: Organization Chronological (in order of time)
Often used for giving directions, showing how things are made, or explaining the history of something in terms of a sequence of events
Spatial (position in space)
Often used in describing places.
Topical (smaller parts arranged in specific order)
Often used to examine parts of a whole, such as a series of reasons
or a list of major features.

19. Body: Steps Signpost State Support Summarize Transition
Repeat for Each Point (no more than 5 key points)

20. Body: Effective Transitions
Transitions are the bridges between ideas. They:
connect parts of a speech
Emphasize the points you are making
First, let’s …. Now that we ….., let’s move on to our second point…..
Indicate on your speech outline.

21. Conclusion: Why Plan It?
Emphasize the key idea of the speech
Prove the specific purpose was achieved
3. Intensify the emotions, or feelings, of the audience
4. Prove that the speech is important and relevant to the audience

22. Conclusion: Steps 1. Review Key Ideas (Best in Reverse Order)
2. Restate Thesis
3. Provide closure
Quote, Call to Action, Recommendation, etc.
Stirring ending (intensifies emotion you want audience to feel)

23. Presenting Your Speech
Comparing Methods of Delivery
Controlling Stage Fright
Improving Nonverbal Behavior
Improving Vocal Skills & Verbal Messages
Using Speaker’s Equipment and Materials
Controlling Other Factors that Affect Delivery

24. 1. Comparing Methods of Delivery
Impromptu
Manuscript
Memorized
Extemporaneous

25. 2. Controlling Stage Fright
Stage Fright is NORMAL.
Audience is not likely to know you are nervous
Experience will help
Practice will help
Videotape or record the speech
Practice in front of someone
Practice many times
Imitate good speakers

26. 3. Improving Nonverbal Behavior
Appearance (Formal or Informal)
Eye Contact
Facial Expressions
Effective Gestures
Good Posture

27. 4. Improving Vocal Skills and Verbal Messages
Enthusiasm
Vocalized Pauses
Articulation, Pronunciation, Enunciation
Diction
Grammar

28. 5. Using Speaker’s Equipment &Materials
Speaker’s Stand
Microphone
Audiovisual Materials (Objects, Graphics, Projections)
Must simplify and clarify a point
Must be visible, legible, audible
Reveal ONLY when necessary
Use gestures to interact with the aid

29. 6. Controlling Other Factors that Affect Delivery
Timing (pacing)
Audience Feedback
Distractions
Unexpected Events