1. Focus Questions What is public speaking?
Do ordinary people do much public speaking?
How do speakers earn credibility?
How do credible speakers organize and support their ideas?
Do many people experience speaking anxiety?
How can you be a critical listener of public communication?
Public Communication

2. Public Communication
Public communication as enlarged conversation (James Winans, 1938)
Preparation time
Turn-taking delay
Public speaking in everyday life
Personal satisfaction to give voice
Being effective citizens
Linking to professional success
Public Communication

3. Types of Public Speeches
Speaking to entertain
To engage, interest, amuse listeners
May include information about occasion
Humor and offense
Narrative speaking (story-telling)
Speaking to inform
To increase listeners’ understanding, awareness
May take form of demonstration
Speaking to persuade
To change attitudes, beliefs, behaviors
Public Communication

4. Features of Public Speaking
Greater responsibility to plan and prepare
Evidence
Reasoning
Structure of ideas
Delivery practice
Less direct interaction
Speaker dominates
Listeners still participate “actively”
Public Communication

5. Preparing and Presenting
Effective public speaking is a process, not an isolated event. The process begins with understanding of credibility and ways to earn it.
Earning credibility
Listener believing in a speaker and trust what is said
Based on listeners perceptions of speaker’s position, authority, knowledge, dynamisms, and trustworthiness
Initial credibility: Titles, experience
Derived credibility: During presentation
Terminal credibility: Cumulative combination of two above
Public Communication

6. Preparing and Presenting
Planning Public Speeches (next slides)
Researching and Supporting Public Speeches
Organizing Speeches
Developing Effective Delivery
Public Communication

7. Planning Public Speeches
Selecting a topic
Topic that you care about
Appropriate to listeners
Appropriate to situation
Limited in scope
Defining the purpose
General and specific purpose
Developing the thesis
Clear thesis statement – “I want listeners to buckle up.”
Public Communication

8. Researching and Supporting Public Speeches
Evidence
To make ideas more clear, more compelling
To fortify speakers opinions (more persuasive)
To heighten speaker’s credibility
Effectiveness depends on whether listeners accept.
Five forms of evidence:
Statistics, Examples, Comparisons, Quotations, Visual aids
Public Communication

9. Researching and Supporting Public Speeches
Checking on evidence
Statistics still valid?
Quoted person’s personal interest (biased?)
Quoted person an expert? (Halo effect --- outside one’s expertise)
Example representative?
Comparison fair?
Visual aids clear?
Public Communication

10. Organizing Speeches Effectiveness can be increased: Organization:
Structure - Ideas coming in some order
Organized speech more persuasive than disorganized one
Organization reflects preparation and enhances credibility.
Organization:
The introduction
The body
Conclusion
Transitions
Public Communication

11. Organization of Speech
The introduction
To gain attention, state the thesis, preview the claims
The body of the speech
To organize content into related points
Temporal (Time) pattern
Spatial pattern
Topical pattern, star structure
Wave pattern
Comparative pattern
Problem-solution pattern
Cause-effect; effect-cause pattern
Motivated sequence pattern: Order of human thought (next slide)
Public Communication

12. Organization of Speech
Motivated sequence pattern: 5 sequential steps
Attention step
Need step
Satisfaction step
Visualization step
Action step
Public Communication

13. Organization of Speech
Conclusion
A good speech ends on a strong note.
Summarizing main ideas
Leaving a memorable final ideas
Transitions
Moving from one idea to another
Words, phrases
Public Communication

14. Developing Effective Delivery
Speaker’s credibility
Oral style is more personal than written: I vs. The speaker
Eye contact
Immediacy; short sentences rather than long ones
Rhetorical questions, interjections, redundancy
Public Communication

15. Four Styles of Delivery
Impromptu delivery
Little or no preparation; not for novice speaker
Extemporaneous delivery
Substantial preparation; relying on notes not exact words; politician, attorney
Manuscript delivery
Presenting written manuscript; precision
Memorized delivery
Presenting memorized text; risk of canned delivery lacking dynamism; forgetting
Public Communication

16. Challenges in Public Speaking
Understanding and controlling anxiety
Causes of communication apprehension
Reducing communication apprehension
Adapting to audiences
Learning about listeners
Tailoring speeches to listeners
Listening critically to speakers
Four checking questions (p. 321)
Public Communication

17. Understanding Anxiety
Causes of apprehension
Unfamiliar with people (audience)
Uncertain situations
Being in the spotlight
Being evaluated
Past failure
Chronic; Learned apprehension
Public Communication

18. Reducing Anxiety Methods of reducing apprehension
Systematic desensitization
Relax and reduce psychological features (breath)
Cognitive restructuring
Identify and challenge negative self-statement
Positive visualization
Enact positive mental pictures in speaking situation
Skills training
Public Communication