1. Understanding Social Problems
Fifth Edition

2. Chapter Outline What Is a Social Problem?
Elements of Social Structure and Culture
The Sociological Imagination
Theoretical Perspectives
Social Problems Research
Goals of the Textbook
Understanding Social Problems

3. What Is a Social Problem?
There is no absolute definition of what constitutes a social problem.
Social problems are defined by a combination of objective and subjective criteria that vary across societies, among individuals and groups within a society, and across historical time periods.

4. Question
I believe that underage drinking is an important social problem in our society.
Strongly agree
Agree somewhat
Unsure
Disagree somewhat
Strongly disagree

5. Objective and Subjective Elements of Social Problems
All social problems share two elements:
An objective social condition
A subjective interpretation of that social condition.
A social problem is a social condition that a segment of society views as harmful to members of society and in need of remedy.

6. Variability in Definitions of Social Problems
Some Americans view the availability of abortion as a social problem, others view restrictions on abortion as a social problem.
Variations in what is considered a social problem are due to differences in values, beliefs, and life experiences.

7. Elements of Social Structure
The structure of a society refers to the way society is organized.
Society is organized into
Institutions
social groups
Statuses
Roles.

8. Institution
An institution is an established and enduring pattern of social relationships.
The five traditional institutions are:
Family
Religion
Politics
Economics
Education

9. Social Groups
Defined as two or more people who have a common identity, interact, and form a social relationship.
Primary groups are characterized by intimate and informal interaction.
Examples: Families and friends
Secondary groups are task oriented and are characterized by impersonal and formal interaction.
Examples: employers and their employees, and clerks and their customers.

10. Question Which type of group is the most important to you?
Primary group
Secondary group

11. Statuses
A status is a position that a person occupies within a social group.
The statuses in a family may consist of mother, father, stepmother, stepfather, wife, husband and child

12. Statuses
An ascribed status is one that society assigns to an individual on the basis of factors over which the individual has no control.
Example: child, teenager, senior citizen.
An achieved status is assigned on the basis of some characteristic or behavior over which the individual has some control.
Example: college graduate, spouse, parent, bank president

13. Statuses
A person’s master status is the status that is considered the most significant in a person’s social identity.
A person’s occupational status is regarded as his or her master status.

14. Roles
The set of rights, obligations, and expectations associated with a status.

15. Elements of Culture Beliefs
Definitions and explanations about what is assumed to be true.
Values
Social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.

16. Elements of Culture Norms Socially defined rules of behavior.
Sanctions
Consequences for conforming to or violating norms.
Symbols
Language, gestures, and objects whose meaning is commonly understood by the members of a society.

17. Question
Social agreements about what is considered right and wrong, desirable and undesirable are called:
norms.
values.
beliefs.
sanctions.

18. Answer: B
Social agreements about what is considered right and wrong, desirable and undesirable are called values.

19. Three Types of Norms Folkways - customs and manners of society.
Laws - formal norms backed by authority.
Mores - norms with a moral basis.

20. Personal Beliefs About Various Social Problems
Statement
% Agreeing in 2004
Federal military spending should be increased. 35
Colleges should prohibit racist/sexist speech on campus. 59
There is too much concern in the courts for the rights of criminals. 58
Abortion should be legal. 54
Same-sex couples should have the right to legal marital status. 57

21. Question
Some people in our culture are very concerned about the amount of pornography we have in this country; others are not much concerned at all. How about you? Are you:
Very concerned
Fairly concerned
Only somewhat concerned
Not really concerned at all

22. Sanctions
When we conform to a social norm, we may be rewarded by a positive sanction.
When we violate a social norm, we may be punished by a negative sanction.
Most sanctions are informal expressions of approval or disapproval.
Sanctions that are part of a recognized or formal procedure are formal sanctions.

23. Types and Examples of Sanctions
Positive
Negative
Informal
Being praised by one’s neighbors for organizing a neighborhood recycling program.
Being criticized by one’s neighbors for refusing to participate in the neighborhood recycling program.
Formal
Being granted an award for organizing a neighborhood recycling program.
Being fined by the city for failing to dispose of trash properly.

24. Question
Receiving a speeding ticket for driving above the speed limit is an example of what type of sanction?
formal negative
formal positive
informal negative
informal positive

25. Answer: A
Receiving a speeding ticket for driving above the speed limit is an example of a formal negative sanction.

26. Sociological Imagination
The ability to see the connections between our personal lives and the social world in which we live.

27. Structural-Functionalist Perspective
Society is composed of parts that work together to maintain a state of balance.
Two types of functions:
latent - Consequences that are unintended and often hidden.
manifest - Intended and recognized

28. Structural-Functionalist Theories of Social Problems
Social pathology - problems result from sickness in society.
Social disorganization - rapid social change leads to anomie.

29. Conflict Perspective
Society is composed of groups and interests competing for power and resources.
Marxist theories: social problems result from class inequality in a capitalistic system.
Non-Marxist theories: conflicts arise when groups have opposing values.

30. Levels of Analysis
Macro sociology - Looks at the "big picture" of society and suggests how social problems are affected at the institutional level.
Micro sociology - Concerned with the social psychological dynamics of individuals interacting in small groups.

31. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Human behavior is influenced by meanings that are created and maintained through interaction with others.
Labeling theory: a social condition or group is viewed as problematic if it is labeled as such.
Social constructionism: argues that reality is socially constructed by individuals who interpret the social world around them.

32. Stages of Conducting a Research Study
Formulating a research question.
Reviewing the literature.
Defining variables.
Formulating a hypothesis. 

33. Methods of Data Collection
Experiments
Surveys
Field research
Secondary data research

34. Question
William plans to conduct a research study on domestic violence. After formulating his research question, his next step is to do what?
define variables
formulate a hypothesis
collect data
review the literature

35. Answer: D
William plans to conduct a research study on domestic violence. After formulating his research question, his next step is to review the literature.

36. Quick Quiz

37. 1. According to Marxist conflict theorists, social problems are the result of:
class inequality.
anomie.
the sickness within social institutions.
different interpretations of roles.

38. Answer: A
According to Marxist conflict theorists, social problems are the result of class inequality.

39. 2. According to symbolic interactionists, what must occur in order for a condition to be a social problem?
The condition weakens institutions.
The condition disrupts society's harmony and balance.
The condition is defined as a social problem.
The condition involves competition between groups.

40. Answer: C
According to symbolic interactionists, in order for a condition to be a social problem, the condition is defined as a social problem.

41. 3. Defining abortion as an immoral act of murder is an example of what?
conflict theory
looking glass self
anomie
labeling theory

42. Answer: D
Defining abortion as an immoral act of murder is an example of labeling theory.