1. The Muslim World
Chapter 10 Unit 3

2. SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and 1300 CE.
a. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire.
b. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of this trade.
c. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims.
d. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta).
e. Describe the impact of the Crusades on both the Islamic World and Europe.
f. Analyze the impact of the expansion of the Mongol Empire; include the stabilization of trading networks from China to the Mediterranean world.
g. Analyze the relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

3. Essential Questions
To what extent did the Crusades change both Islamic and European societies?
How did conflict among Muslims result in divergent views of their faith?
How did disagreements among Christians result in conflicting branches of their church?

4. Timeline
630 AD Mohammad returns to Mecca after making Hijrah to Medina
732 AD Charles Martel defeats the Muslims at Tours
800 AD Al Khwarizimi write Algebra Book
1000 AD Muslim scholars share Greek medical works with Europeans
1100 AD Muslim Literature flourishes

5. Main Ideas
Mohammad’s followers spread Islam throughout southwest Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and Europe.
The Muslim Empire included millions of people from diverse ethnic, language and religious groups.
Tolerance of conquered people and an emphasis on learning helped to blend the culture traits of people under Muslim rule.

6. The Shia and Sunni

7. Section 1: Rise of Islam Arabian Peninsula:
crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Europe
Mostly desert Bedouin nomads
Trade network between Byzantine, Persia, Asia
Silk Road trade
Mecca: holiest city of Islam
Hajj: Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
Belief in one God: Allah
Mohammad: founder of Islam

8. Mohammad Born in Mecca At 25 became a trader and married
At 40, had a revelation: A voice called to him (thought to be angel Gabriel) and became last prophet of Islam.
Preached monotheism (Allah the one and only god)
Muslim (one who had submitted)
Feared because of his abandonment of the Arab gods
Thought Mecca would loose its importance!

9. Mecca is Defeated The Hijrah: (migration of Mohammad to Medina)
Mohammad leaves Medina in 622 after followers were attacked in Mecca
Accepted by Jews and Arabs as a political leader
Later, became military leader to prepared for hostility between Medina and Mecca.
Return To Mecca:
Mohammad (The Prophet) returns to Mecca with 10,000 men
Upon entering Mecca, all idols were destroyed
Unifies the entire Arabian Peninsula under Islam

10. Religious Composition of M.E.

11. Dome of the Rock(built on Solomon’s Temple)

12. Islamic Beliefs The Five Pillars of Islam Faith: “no God but Allah”
Prayer: “5 times a day…facing Mecca”
Alms: “responsibility to support the poor”
Fasting: “Holy month of Ramadan – fast from sun up to sundown”
Pilgrimage: “must make pilgrimage to Mecca
Forbidden to eat pork or alcoholic beverages
Holy Book: The Qur’an (revelations by Mohammad)

16. Mohammad Unifies a Conquered People
Sunna (Mohammad life is an example for life) the proper model of Islam
Shari’a: a system of religious laws based on the Qur’an that governed family, business and community.
Link to Judaism and Christianity
Believe Jewish and Christian God the same as Allah
Trace their ancestry to Abraham
Preached tolerance to both

17. Main Ideas Why was Mecca an important city in western Arabia?
What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
Why did Muslims consider Christians and Jews ‘people of the book’?

18. Section 2: Islam Expands after the Death of Mohammad
“Rightly Guided Caliphs”
No heir after death
Abu Bakr: Caliph (successor) after his death
Invokes jihad (struggle against unbelievers)
Ali: last Caliph empire expands over 6000 miles
Last wish of Mohammad: ‘spread faith to the north’

21. Reasons for Muslim success
Byzantine and Sassanid empire are weak from fighting
Byzantine and Sassanid were intolerant of other religions.
Conquered people welcomed religion of Islam because:
it offered equality
did not pay a poll tax
Jews and Christians considered ‘people of the book’
Muslims, Jews, Christians – all descendents of Abraham
Shari’a law required Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance to Jews and Chritians

22. Internal Conflict Umayyads came to power (after murder of Ali)
Move capital to Syria away from Mecca
Abandon simple life for wealth and luxury
Fundamental split occurs
Sunni
Umayyad Muslims :belief that leaders can be elected
Followers of Mohammad’s example
Shi’a: (party of Ali)
feel ruler should be descendent of Mohammad
Sufi:
Pursued a life of poverty and devotion

23. Abbasids come to power Murder the Umayyads – remaining flee to Spain
Move capital to Baghdad, Iraq (key trading center)
Fatimid caliphate was formed by Shi’a Muslims
Claimed descent from Mohammad’s daughter Fatima
Muslim Trade Network:
Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean
Land connected Silk Road of China and India with Europe and Africa
Muslims used single language and currency
Banks set up throughout empire
Letters of credit: (checks) date back to Muslim Empire

24. Umayyads move to Spain

25. Grand Mosque Cordoba Spain
Umayyads found empire in Spain

26. Abbasid Empire conquer the Umayyads

27. Main Ideas
How did Muslims under the “Rightly Guided” caliphs treat conquered people?
Why did the Shi’a oppose the rule of the Umayyads?
What ties the Abbasid caliphate and the independent states to together?

28. Section 3: Muslim Culture
Cities: Science and art flourished from wealth and trade
Baghdad (Abbasid capital)
Damascus: cultural center of learning
Cordoba (Umayyad capital)
Cairo (Fati1mid capital)
Jerusalem
Muslim class system:
Upper class – Muslims at birth
Second class – Muslim converts
Third class – ‘protected people’ (Jews – Christians-Zor0astrians)
Lower class – slaves and prisoners of war

29. Knowledge and Art Flourish
Mahammad’s preached the value of knowledge
Mathematicians and astronomers needed to calculate times of prayer and direction of Mecca
Astrolabe:
calculated time
Celestial events and relative position
Observatory in Istanbul
Muslims preserve the knowledge of Greeks and Romans
House of Wisdom in Baghdad:
Home to Persian, Greek, Indian texts

30. Astrolobe

31. Arts and Sciences Standards and techniques for research used today
Literature:
Qur’an standard for literature and poetry in Arabia
A Thousand and One Nights
Calligraphy (art of handwriting)
Architecture:
Huge domes and vaulted ceilings in mosques
Roman in design, with baths and plumbing

32. Mosque in Cordoba Spain

33. Science Medical: Math and Science:
Physician al Razi greatest in world – encyclopedic writing from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources
Small Pox and Measles treatment
Math and Science:
Scientific observation
Experimentation (discounted Greek logical reasoning, preferred experiments and observation)
Mathematics basis for all knowledge
Al-Khwarizmi: founder of ‘algebra’
Astronomy: observatories to chart stars, comets, planets
Ibn –Al-Haytham: “Optics” developed lenses for telescopes

34. Ibn Sina - Avicenna
Persian medical scholar known for his advances in medicine and treatment:
Handout: Ibn Sina

35. Ibn Battuta:
Ibn Battuta was perhaps the greatest traveler of the Middle Ages, having traveled about 75,000 miles in 29 years!
(More than Marco Polo!)
He is especially important to history because of his written accounts (reports) of his travels

36. The Travels of Ibn Battuta

37. Philosophy and Religion
Ibn Rushd:
criticized for blending Aristotle’s and Plato’s views with Islam
Translated Texts of Socrates, Aristotle and Plato into Arabic
Moses Ben Maimon:
Jewish Physician / Philosopher
“The Guide for the Perplexed” (blended science, religion and philosophy)

38. Main Idea What was the role of women in Muslim society?
How did Muslim scholars preserve the ideas of ancient Greeks and Romans?
What were some of the Muslim contributions in medicine, mathematics and astronomy?

39. World Religions and Ethical Systems

40. World Religions Group Activity
Identify important characteristics of your Religion/Ethical System:
Founder
Location
Symbols/sacred Texts
Diffusion
Doctrine