1. 5 Paragraph Essay: “Who was Julius Caesar?”
Paper is due on Friday at the start of class!

2. The Rise of Caesar & The Making of Rome’s Empire

3. Learning Targets
Analyze the ways in which the First Triumvirate and the assassination of Caesar led to the downfall of the Roman Republic

4. Uprisings throughout the Republic
I am Spartacus!
By 120 B.C.E.
Plebeians revolt; try to gain control of land
Consuls did not respect one another
Generals gathered private armies
Rome = Chaos
73-71 B.C.E.- Slave revolt led by gladiator Spartacus
Estimated that of the 6million people on the peninsula 2 million were slaves
Marcus Crassus puts down Spartacus' revolt

5. Julius Caesar: Recap Bio
Patrician; married Cornelia thereby linking him to a political family that was “on the outs”
Flees to Asia and returns after the ruling party is exiled
Becomes:
Quaestar – financial administrator
Aedile – organizes public games (debt!)
Pontifex maximus – high priest of Roman state religion
Praetor – judge or magistrate
Governor in Spain
Consul

6. The First Triumvirate
60 B. C. E.- Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus formed an alliance that became the First Triumvirate
A government by three people with equal power
Crassus – known as the richest man in Rome
Pompey – hero of successful military command in Spain
Julius Caesar – military commander in Spain and Gaul

7. Crassus

8. Who’s my celeb look-a-like?
Pompey ? ? ?
Who’s my celeb look-a-like?

9. Julius Caesar

10. The First Triumvirate
After forming the First Triumvirate, each focused on expanding Rome through military pursuits in the following:
Crassus – Syria
Killed in battle in 53 B.C.
Pompey- Spain
Caesar- Gaul and Illyria

12. The First Triumvirate
58-51 B.C.E- Julius Caesar conquered Gaul (France) and moved north into Britain
Soldiers fiercely loyal to him
Caesar went back to Rome to seize power
After death of Crassus, Pompey is fearful, aligns himself with Senate in hopes to overpower Caesar
Caesar is told to disband his army
Refused, and illegally crosses Rubicon River

13. The
Rubicon
River

14. I crossed the Rubicon with Caesar and all I got was this stupid shirt
Just across the river men…
I crossed the Rubicon with Caesar and all I got was this stupid shirt

15. Caesar Takes Control
49 B.C.E. – Marches into Rome and began civil war with Pompey
49-45 B.C.E. – Caesar wins civil war; Pompey flees to Egypt where he is killed by Pharaoh Ptolemy
Caesar encounters Queen Cleopatra; she needs his political support and he needs her money
45-44 B.C.E. – Caesar declares himself dictator for life

16. Caesar’s Reforms
Granted citizenship to all free people living within any Roman territory.
Helped to limit slavery by ordering landowners to hire workers rather than use slaves.
This made him very unpopular with the rich
He provided land for retired soldiers.
He started public works like the building of roads; gave jobs to unemployed

17. Caesar’s Reforms He made public events free to the people.
He doubled the size of the Senate
He opened the Senate to Middle Class business owners.
He adopted new Calendar: Julian Calendar

18. Beware the Ides of March
Caesar begins growing strong even making his former friends leery that he would lead to Roman monarchy again
Sixty men conspire to assassinate him
March 15th 44BCE
Stabbed and killed by senators at the Theater of Pompey.
Died at the bottom of the statue of his rival, Pompey.
Citizens of Rome were not happy about losing their strong, forceful dictator
Rioted and burned the senate house.

19. Revenge is sweet!
April Fools?
No! Ides of March!

21. The Great Conspiracy Against Caesar

22. Problem of the Day
What large and well known city in the U.S.A. is half golden and half silver?

23. …is half golDEN and half silVER
Problem of the Day
…is half golDEN and half silVER

24. Cold Case Files Rome: 44 B.C.
Rome: 44 B.C.

25. And then I died! I hate when that happens!
“Veni, Vidi, Vici“
I came, I saw, I conquered
And then I died! I hate when that happens!
What were Caesar’s good qualities or characteristics?
What were Caesar’s bad qualities or characteristics?
Who supported Caesar?
Who was against Caesar?
How did Caesar justify his actions?
How does history portray Caesar?

26. So What Happened Next?!?
Caesar is dead and Rome is in Chaos!!!

27. Marc Antony Me you fools!
Julius Caesar’s BFF; Caesar was his mother’s cousin
Takes the consulship
Asked for conspirators to be pardoned (Brutus & Cassius)
Public funeral for Caesar and read will
Gardens in the city left to poor
Granted money to every Roman citizen
Mob went wild
Me you fools!
No, no, no…NOT ME!!!

28. Octavian Julius Caesar’s great nephew
Adopted posthumously through Caesar’s will
18 years old and in Greece at the time of Caesar’s death
Finds out he is Caesar’s chief heir…woah!
Dude!

29. Marc Antony What?!? How dare he make that pipsqueak his heir…
Hmmmm…this is even BETTER! I can manipulate him!
What?!? How dare he make that pipsqueak his heir…
Marc Antony

30. Octavian Claimed what was his
Issued a call to arms of his father’s veteran’s; soldiers came to his aid
Antony fled to Gaul to round up legions
Senate thought they could control Octavian too
Make him a senator
Octavian smarter than senate!

31. Octavian Octavian struck first against the Senate:
Occupied Rome with his army
Forced them to revoke amnesty for Brutus and Cassius
Then strikes against Antony in Gaul and defeats him
Negotiates alliance
Pulled-in Lepidus, a wealthy Roman statesman

32. The Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus
Sealed the deal with marriage: Antony married Octavian’s sister (although…he still had another lady – more on that later!)
Turned attention to Senate
Forced the Senate to grant all three men consular positions for five years
Antony -Gaul
Lepidus- Spain
Octavian- Africa and Sicily

33. The Second Triumvirate
Instituted a round of proscriptions - 2,300 fled or died
Eliminate political enemies and strip them of their property
Octavian and Antony went to Greece to hunt down Brutus & Cassius
Met at Philippi; Octavian and Antony won
Brutus and Cassius committed suicide

34. Problem of the Day What common phrase does the following represent?
Sinatra
Lloyd Wright
Lima
Kidney
Zappa
String

35. Franks & Beans! What does the following represent? Frank Sinatra
Frank Lloyd Wright
Lima Bean
Kidney Bean
Frank Zappa
String Bean

36. Review
How did Octavian immediately demonstrate that he would not be pushed around by either the Senate or Marc Antony?
What was the outcome of the war that Octavian fought against Antony?
Who formed the Second Triumvirate?

37. The Second Triumvirate
Power divided regionally
Octavian controls the west (Gaul & Italia,)
Antony controls the east (Greece, Asia, Syria)
Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa
Senate renewed triumvirate for another 5 years

39. The Second Triumvirate
And then there were two
In 35 Lepidus rebelled
Tries to seize Sicily for himself
Octavian wins over Lepidus’s troops, expels him from the triumvirate, and banishes him to southern Italy
Tensions rise between Octavian & Antony
Octavian commanded 45 legions and 500 warships
Antony had less, but not worried because he had something else…

40. Antony thought Egypt would guarantee a victory …BUT also,
Egypt & Cleopatra
Antony thought Egypt would guarantee a victory …BUT also,

41. Oh no, I’m still married to Octavia.
Cupid hit Antony and Cleopatra with his arrow.
One of the greatest love stories in history.

42. Triumvirate Ends Antony went too far…Rumors flying:
Starting a second Senate in Egypt
Declared Caesarionas Caesar's legal heir
Gave most of Rome’s eastern lands to Cleopatra
Arabia, Cyprus (copper mines), Sinai (turquoise mines), Armenia, North Africa (grain), ports of Phoenicia
Left his possessions to his children by Cleopatra
Wanted to be buried in Alexandria
Married Cleopatra in 32 BC before he divorced Octavia
Has Cleopatra’s sister, Arsinoe executed

43. Triumvirate Ends Rome & Octavian FURIOUS!
Senate declares war on Cleopatra
Antony stripped of all his official power and labeled him as an outlaw and a traitor

44. Yes dear…

45. The Battle of Actium (Greece)
Antony less men and weaker army, but Cleopatra promised Egyptian navy and a naval victory
Antony and his fleet allowed themselves to get trapped in the harbor at Actium
They had two options:
March north and engage Octavian directly
Break through the naval blockade & hope to save as many men and ships as possible.
Opt, unsuccessfully, for #2

47. Cleopatra & Antony’s vessels
Octavian’s vessels
Cleopatra & Antony’s vessels

48. The Battle of Actium (Greece)
Antony and Cleopatra fled; Octavian chased them
Eventually, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide when it was hopeless (Antony by sword, Cleopatra by asp)
Octavian hunted down Cesarion (Cleopatra’s son by Caesar) and killed him

49. I hope that chick was worth it!
The Battle of Actium
I hope that chick was worth it!

50. And the money poured in…
The last Egyptian pharaoh was now dead
Octavian took control of all Egypt
Personal possession; didn’t turn over to the Senate like before
Egypt’s wealth went into his own personal treasury
Thus we see the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire

51. Princeps Civitatis
Rome’s First Citizen