1. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Renewable Energy Module 10: INCREASING ACCESS TO ENERGY SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS

2. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Module overview Approaching energy services for rural areas of developing countries The Millennium Development Goals and links to energy Policy options for increasing access to energy services in rural areas Business models and private sector participation for increasing access to energy in rural areas Case studies

3. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Module aims To introduce the issue of energy access in rural areas and the importance of energy for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) To outline the basic energy needs in rural areas and some of the barriers preventing increased energy access to rural populations To provide some examples of policy instruments for improving energy services in rural areas To outline business models and private sector participation schemes for increasing access to energy in rural areas

4. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Module learning outcomes To be able to show the links between rural development and energy access and progress towards achievement of the MDGs To understand basic energy needs in rural areas and be able to describe barriers to improved energy access to rural populations To describe some policy instruments that could help improve energy access in rural areas To be knowledgeable about how different business models and private company participation can help improve energy access in rural areas in a sustainable way

5. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) MDGs first compiled during 1990s, initially known as the International Development Goals Adopted by the UN 189 member states in September 2000 through the Millennium Declaration http://www.un.org/millennium World Bank, IMF, OECD and specialized agencies of the UN have recognized the MDGs as part of the road map for implementing the Millennium Declaration

6. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Millennium Development Goals (2) In summary the MDGs: “Commit the international community to an expanded vision of development, one that vigorously promotes human development as the key to sustaining social and economic progress in all countries, and recognizes the importance of creating a global partnership for development. The goals have been commonly accepted as a framework for measuring development progress.”

7. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Millennium Development Goals (3) 1.Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger 2.Achieving universal primary education 3.Promoting gender equality and empowering women 4.Reducing child mortality 5.Improving maternal health 6.Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7.Ensuring environmental sustainability 8.Developing a global partnership for development

8. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Millennium Development Goals (4) Aspirational targets in 18 important areas with 48 indicators to monitor progress to 2015 Better access to energy is not a specific goal within the MDGs but there are indicators that refer to energy and energy runs through many of the targets

9. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Energy and MDGs DFID have noted how energy can play a crucial role in underpinning efforts to achieve the MDGs UN – Millennium Project GVEP REEEP The European Commission Development Agencies - provide interface between poor communities, energy services and private capital

10. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 End-use requiring Energy Services Low IncomeMed. IncomeHigh Income Household Cooking wood, residues and dung wood, charcoal, residues, dung, kerosene, biogas wood, charcoal, kerosene, LPG, coal Household Lighting candles, kerosene, none candles, kerosene kerosene, electricity Agriculture, Industry & Services human labour(human labour,) draft animals diesel, gasoline, grid electricity

11. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Basic Energy Needs Energy is not about ‘bringing in the power grid’ People don’t want energy ‘per se’ but the range of services it provides Benefits deriving from energy services: –Contributing to increased production and reducing ‘sweat energy’ –Contribution to health and human capital (pumping water or provision of lighting to health facilities and schools) –“Security” (via street lighting, back-up energy supplies, or pumped water reducing risks from drought) –‘Inclusion’ in the modern economy (via communications media)

12. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Increasing Access in Rural Areas The total (higher) costs of final ‘useful energy’ from modern energy services will have to be accepted by rural people This supports the case of modern energy services for productive uses Traditional and modern energy services will have to exist side-by-side 1.Financial – Support to RESCOs 2.Technical – R&D 3.Organisational – Community development

13. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Smart Subsidies To lower the initial costs (technical advice, capital investment) rather than lowering the operating costs Technologically neutral Include for end-use investments, particularly to encourage pro-poor productive uses ‘Cross subsidies’ within the project to enable transfer from richer sections of the community, and commercial users to marginal connections

14. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 What is a RESCO? “Rural Energy Service Company” –Private company –NGO –Government body –Entrepreneur –Peoples co-operative –Public-private partnership –Utility A RESCO, in whatever form, is a business entity

15. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 RESCOs Good Practices Large menu of rural energy options Focus on ‘application’ not ‘technology’ Aware of user’s ‘capacity’ and ‘willingness’ to pay Build-up long-term relationships with end-users Develop ‘peripheral’ activities (e.g. tourism)

16. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 RESCOs ‘Do’s and Dont’s’ ShouldAvoid Consider all renewablesDefault to diesel Addresses all energy needsFocus only electricity Sustainable long-term businessNot ‘one-off’ sales but a ‘service’ Customer oriented serviceUniform, un-responsive tariffs Aware of difficulty of marketFast or unfocussed expansion

17. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 International RESCOs Review Types of Business Model: –Fee-for-service –Customer leasing –Concessions –Bottom-up / de-centralised –State control SUSTAINABILITY

18. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Fee-for- Service Examples Philippines - 15 kW Biomass-PV hybrid Nicaragua – 300kW micro-hydro

19. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 Customer Leasing Examples SELCO (India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam) SOLUZ - Honduras

20. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 State Control Examples Chinese PV Villages (20kW) Mexico PV Villages

21. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 CONCLUSIONS Financing is key to increasing access to energy in rural areas Many renewable technologies best suited to provide energy services to remote rural areas use non-monetised fuel, but have a prohibitive initial capital cost Need for planning integration/consultation with stakeholders (REAs, DSOs, TSOs,…) = role for energy regulator Governments are actively promoting the replacement of fuel-wood by subsidising other energy sources

22. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 CONCLUSIONS (2) But the success depends on two factors largely beyond government control: –Economic growth –The corresponding increase in personal incomes The substitution process of energy sources in many countries is hampered by high import costs resulting from the inefficient procurement of small quantities of RETs Private sectors’ participation is always the most important option for energy to access to rural people

23. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICY-MAKING FOR AFRICA Module 10 CONCLUSIONS (3) Private investment is a crucial measure to ensure the energy supply to rural people Rural development in general and rural energy specifically needs to be given a much higher priority by policy-makers Rural energy development must be decentralized to put rural people themselves at the heart of planning and implementation Rural energy development must be integrated with other aspects of rural development