1. Boğaziçi University Institute of Environmental Sciences E.Sc 531-Solid Waste Management Duygu Dinçer Mechanical Separation & Processing of MSW

2. Outline of the Presentation Background Methodology Mechanical Seperation & Processing of MSW Facility Site Visits for the Review Findings of the Research ▫Key Developments for Process Improvements Conclusion

3. Background In Florida, U.S. recent efforts of Tampa Bay area counties (Pinellas, Hillsborough and Manatee) to promote recycling to businesses and commercial property managers have had limited success Pinellas County, conducted a technology review of current processing technologies and systems

4. Methodology conducted research regarding current processing technologies, equipment and systems gathered available information about material recovery facilities made potential site visits in order to obtain first- hand information determine the key developments and trends to improve the already existing systems

5. Mechanical Separation and Processing of MSW MRFs and Their Significance within an Integrated Solid Waste System: ▫By transforming waste materials into useable resources, recycling represents a method of managing solid waste while  reducing pollution,  conserving energy,  creating jobs and  building more competitive manufacturing industries

6. Mechanical Separation and Processing of MSW Key objectives of MRF Design: ▫Conceptual design ▫Evaluation of the markets and economics of operation ▫Development and gathering of data necessary for the design ▫ Detailed engineering design of system ▫ Siting design ▫ Procurement of equipment ▫ Construction ▫ Processing of materials ▫ Marketing

7. Mechanical Separation and Processing of MSW Types of MRFs ▫Source Separated ▫Dual Stream ▫Single Stream ▫Mixed Waste

8. System AspectDual StreamSingle StreamMixed Waste Typical incoming material stream Commingled containers and mixed fibers in separate streams Commingled containers and mixed fibers in one stream; glass may be seperate Recyclables mixed non-recyclables, preferably with organic and wet waste removed % of current MRF systems 52%33 %<5 % Average residue levels With glass: 6.79% Without glass: 5.84% With glass: 11.71% Without glass: 8.10% Range: 25-75 Average throughput per processing line 137 tons/day207-6 tons/day400-2400 tons of MSW/day Specialized equipmentStandard MRf equipment Inclined disk screens to separate fiber from containers ; polishing screen Bag breaker; drum separator, trammel and/or vibrating screens to separate recyclables from MSW Final product quality Typically high with minimal contamination Increased risk of cross contamination between containers and fiber Variable depending on feedstock and processing line Average facility size (ft 2 )10,000-50,00050,000-150,00050,000-200,000 Average capital cost (2006$) $4,907,000$7,551,000 $3-11 million for equipment alone Average capital cost/daily ton (2006$) $106,690$66,630n/a

9. Mechanical Separation and Processing of MSW Standard Equipment and System Configurations ▫Recyclables Dumped on Tipping Floor ▫Materials Delivered to Sorting Line via In-feed Conveyors ▫Presort ▫Separating Single Stream Fiber and Containers ▫Sorting Lines ▫Interim Storage ▫Preparing Materials for Market

10. MaterialMarket Specifications Paper Separated by grade Baled (size and weight specified) or loose Dry or including some wet Clean or some degree of contamination Ferrous Containers Flattened, unflattened or shredded Labels removed or not removed Clean or with a degree of contamination Including bimetal or no bimetal Loose, baled or densified (weight and size specified) Aluminum Containers Flattened, shredded, baled or densified Free of moisture, dirt, foil, lead, glass, etc. Plastic Containers Baled, granulated or loose Separated by color or type or mixed With or without caps Glass Separated by color or mixed Size of cullet (specified) Degree of contamination

11. Mechanical Separation and Processing of MSW Specialized Equipment for Unit Processes ▫Bag Breaker ▫Rotating Trommel ▫Air Classifiers ▫Drum Separators ▫Eddy Current ▫Optical Sorters ▫Glass Cleanup Systems etc.

12. Facility Site Visits for the Technology Review Facility, Location, Size Start-up Date Throughput (tons/day) Capacity (tons/day) Materials Processed Recovery Rate Single Stream MRF Orange County MRF, Orlando, FL NA 1990; 2005 single stream retrofit 500650 Residential & commercial recyclables collected in dual or single stream 92-94% Davis Street Station, San Leandro, CA 75,000 sq.ft. 1996; 2005 upgrade 350NA Residential & commercial single stream recyclables 88% Recycle Central at Pier 96 San Francisco, CA 200,000 sq.ft. 2002 7002100 Residential & commercial single stream recyclables 83%

13. Facility Site Visits for the Technology Review Facility, Location, Size Start-up Date Throughput (tons/day) Capacity (tons/day) Materials Processed Recovery Rate Single Stream and Mixed Waste MRF CVT MRF Anaheim, CA 210,000 sq.ft. 1991; periodic upgrades >2,0006,000 (received at facility, not just MRF) Single stream: residential & commercial recyclables Mixed waste: multi-family & commercial waste NA GreenWaste MRF San Jose, CA 95,000 sq.ft. 2008 400 MSW; 150 single stream 1,400 (includes green waste & C&D) Single stream: residential & commercial recyclables Mixed waste: multi-family & commercial waste 75%

14. Facility Site Visits for the Technology Review Facility, Location, Size Start-up Date Throughput (tons/day) Capacity (tons/day) Materials Processed Recovery Rate Mixed Waste MRF Athens Disposal Puente Hills MRF City of Industry, CA 170,000 sq.ft. 20022400 5,000 Residential & commercial waste (dry portion of wet/dry collection) 25-26% Puente Hills MRF Whittier, CA 217,000 sq.ft. - MRF & transfer station 2005400-500 4,400 (MRF & transfer station) Select loads of waste received at transfer station that are rich in recyclables 48% Sunnyvale SMaRT Station Sunnyvale, CA 50,000 sq.ft. 1994; 2009 retrofit Not yet operational 1,500 Residential & commercial waste (complements curbside recycling) 33-35% Western Placer Waste Management Authority (WPWMA) Lincoln, CA NA 1995; 2006 retrofit 850-1,0002,000 Residential & commercial waste (no curbside recycling) 28-30%

15. Findings of the Research Key Developments for Process Improvements ▫Expanded Target Recyclables:  fully integrated systems where waste diversion is the primary objective ▫Single Stream Recycling :  collection cost savings and increased convenience to citizens increases participation and material recovery

16. Findings of the Research Key Developments for Process Improvements ▫Increased Automation:  reduction in source separation and larger quantities of materials come the need for higher throughputs ▫Larger Regional MRFs:  advantage of capital-intensive automated processing equipment that reduces operating costs Transfer stations!

17. Findings of the Research Key Developments for Process Improvements ▫Mixed Waste MRFs:  the city of Los Angeles citywide collection of recyclables has increased 140 percent with single- stream collection over the two-stream collection ▫Differential Tip Fees  encouraging recycling participation  increasing MRF operational efficiency Green Building Design

18. Findings of the Research Key Developments for Process Improvements ▫Green Building Design:  Using products made with salvaged or recycled materials.  Designing to save energy or water.  Designing to provide a safe, healthy indoor environment.  Employing techniques that reduce environmental impact during construction.  Salvaging or recycling materials used during construction.

19. Conclusion In Florida, ▫75% recycling goal by 2020 ▫increased attention to climate change and sustainability Investment will be needed in MRF infrastructure to upgrade existing facilities and construct new facilities ▫capable of handling larger quantities of materials and diverting higher percentages of recyclables

20. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION