1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. OC-SBT/SBI/SGSO32-U01-01 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP – SBT032 – Unit 01  SEP – SBI032 – Unit 01  SEP – SGS032 – Unit 01

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.3 Credits  Academic Inputs by Mrs. Rasika Bhore  M.sc (Microbiology) rasika.bhore@gmail.com

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives  After studying this module, you should be able to: Discuss the contribution of Robert Hook & Leeuwenhoek in finding life with their microscopes. Describe how microbiology started from Leeuwenhoek's observations. Describe the living things that Leeuwenhoek observed under microscope. Define & describe spontaneous generation.

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Introduction  Ecosystem rely on microorganisms to enrich soil, degrade wastes, & support life.  Microorganisms are essential part of our lives.  The science of microbiology started with the invention of the microscope.  Robert Hooke is credited with being the first person to use a microscope for academic study.  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek were using microscopes to look at animal and plant tissue.  Van Leeuwenhoek examined a drop of rainwater and noticed it contained tiny creatures he called "animalcules".  These were in fact bacteria and so van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to study bacteria.  Then after the Aristotle proposed the theory of spontaneous generation which was supported by Needham’s experiment. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.6

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Microbiology started here…….  The first person to report seeing microbes under the microscope was an Englishman, Robert Hooke.  Working with a crude compound microscope he saw the cellular structure of plants around 1665.  He also saw fungi & organisms as diverse as insects, sponges, bryozoans, foraminifera, and bird feathers.  As his lens were of poor quality he was apparently unable to see bacteria. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.7

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8  Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek was a "cloth merchant" living in Delft Holland.  He used magnifying lens to view the quality of the weave of the clothes he purchased.  In England, he saw drawings of magnifications of cloth much greater than any of the current lens available in Holland.  He returned to Holland and took up lens grinding.  He developed his lens grinding to an art.  He made numerous microscopes from silver and gold and viewed everything.  (Leeuwenhoek’s microscope is shown in figure.)

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Observation by Leeuwenhoek 1.In lake water, he observed green alga: Spirogyra. 2.Protists: ciliate, Vorticella 3. Plaque between teeth: many very little living animalcules, i.e. Bacteria which are mobile. 4. Animal and plant tissues 5. Mineral crystals and fossils 6. Blood cells 7. Living sperm cells of animals 8. Nematodes and rotifers © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Discovery of ‘Microorganisms’  Based on the description & figures given by Leeuwenhoek, the term ‘Microorganisms’ established.  Microbes/Microorganisms include all organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope.  For the discovery of Leeuwenhoek, today he is known as Father of Protozoology & Bacteriology. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Aristotle’s Theory  Aristotle was the most famous Greek scientist.  He put the theory that, living things arise via 3 processes: Through sexual reproduction Through asexual reproduction From non-living matter. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Spontaneous Generation  As per third process of Aristotle, there is sudden formation of life from non-living things.  This is called as Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis.  This theory was widely accepted for over 1900 years, as some commonly observed phenomenon supported it.  For example, appearance of maggots on spoiling meat. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… John Turberville Needham  John Turberville Needham was an English biologist and Roman Catholic priest.  He was a proponent of spontaneous generation, and his beliefs were confirmed when, after boiling beef broth to kill all microbes, within the span of a few days, cloudiness of the broth indicated the respawning of microscopic life.  Thus, he did experiments with gravy and later tainted wheat that seemed to show that life was able to be generated from non-living material, or abiogenesis (spontaneous generation). © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Needham’s Experiment  Needham boiled beef gravy & infusions of plant material in vials, which tightly sealed with rubber corks.  Some days later, vials appeared cloudy, & examination revealed an abundance of microscopical animals.  So he concluded that there must be a ‘life force’ that causes non- living matter to spontaneously come to life. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What we Learn…………………  Robert Hook was the first person who invented microscope & saw living cells.  Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek is the Father of Bacteriology who first observed bacteria under microscope.  He observed algae, RBC, animal & plant tissues etc.  Theory of Abiogenesis states that life arise from non-living matter.  It has proven by Needham’s experiment. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16 Critical Thinking Questions Do you agree with the concept of spontaneous generation? Why?

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2006, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17 Tips For Critical Thinking Questions  Contamination cause by external sources like insects, air, water etc.

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18 Study Tips  Book Title: Microbiology Author: Lansing M. Prescott  Book Title: Microbiology Author: Pelczar

19. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19 Study Tips www.theguardians.com Microbiology www.science.nhmccd.edu NHC microbiology links

20. End of the Presentation Thank You !