1. CJ 220 Chapter 5 The Future of Community Justice © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

2. Introduction What role, if any, will the community play in the development of criminal justice in coming years? What role, if any, will the community play in the development of criminal justice in coming years? To answer this question, we must shift our level of analysis from the specific to the general To answer this question, we must shift our level of analysis from the specific to the general We must consider the core idea of community justice and how it transforms the current system We must consider the core idea of community justice and how it transforms the current system © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

3. The Essentials of Community Justice There are three essential components of community justice There are three essential components of community justice Place Place Adding value Adding value Public safety Public safety It is the fact of place that makes the approach one of “community” It is the fact of place that makes the approach one of “community” It is the commitment to adding value that enables the community approach to do justice It is the commitment to adding value that enables the community approach to do justice The ultimate aim of all community justice is a better experience of public safety The ultimate aim of all community justice is a better experience of public safety © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

4. The Essentials of Community Justice Community is often used as an abstraction, but the term community justice has a concrete meaning Community is often used as an abstraction, but the term community justice has a concrete meaning Community justice refers to actions that take place in a designated location, a neighborhood or section where people who live see themselves as sharing life together Community justice refers to actions that take place in a designated location, a neighborhood or section where people who live see themselves as sharing life together Community justice takes place in a specific place Community justice takes place in a specific place © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

5. The Essentials of Community Justice Adding value Adding value Communities may benefit when problematic members are removed, but community justice stands for two additional points Communities may benefit when problematic members are removed, but community justice stands for two additional points Almost all of those who are removed will return, so the question of what to do about people who live in the community, some of whom are ex-offenders, cannot be avoided by policies that only try to remove offenders Almost all of those who are removed will return, so the question of what to do about people who live in the community, some of whom are ex-offenders, cannot be avoided by policies that only try to remove offenders Dealing with offenders is not enough. Community justice attempts to overcome the problems that produce crime, reduce the impediments to a good quality of life that communities face, and improve the capacity of communities to become safer, better places to live and do business Dealing with offenders is not enough. Community justice attempts to overcome the problems that produce crime, reduce the impediments to a good quality of life that communities face, and improve the capacity of communities to become safer, better places to live and do business © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

6. The Essentials of Community Justice Public safety Public safety What sets the community justice ideal apart from other philosophies of community life is that community justice is involved squarely with questions of public order and public safety What sets the community justice ideal apart from other philosophies of community life is that community justice is involved squarely with questions of public order and public safety Community justice is interested in public safety as a broad idea: people free to walk the street without fear of harassment by anyone, criminals or agents of the state Community justice is interested in public safety as a broad idea: people free to walk the street without fear of harassment by anyone, criminals or agents of the state From the standpoint of community justice, public safety is not represented by an electric fence, a metal detector, or a barred window; rather, public safety exists where there is open and free social commerce without personal fear From the standpoint of community justice, public safety is not represented by an electric fence, a metal detector, or a barred window; rather, public safety exists where there is open and free social commerce without personal fear © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

7. Varieties of Community Justice Place is the setting for community justice and this can be any neighborhood or community small enough to have an identity as distinct from other locations Place is the setting for community justice and this can be any neighborhood or community small enough to have an identity as distinct from other locations Public safety refers to the goal of community justice Public safety refers to the goal of community justice Adding value refers to the means of community justice Adding value refers to the means of community justice This enables us to investigate various differences in means (adding value) for particular community justice locations and goals (public safety) This enables us to investigate various differences in means (adding value) for particular community justice locations and goals (public safety) Figure 5.1 (p.132) Figure 5.1 (p.132) © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

8. Varieties of Community Justice Goals continuum Goals continuum The goals continuum provides two extreme values The goals continuum provides two extreme values 1. Goal of crime prevention Tend to identify particular types of criminal activity that trouble a community and then seek to resolve problems that make crime tend to occur Tend to identify particular types of criminal activity that trouble a community and then seek to resolve problems that make crime tend to occur Incentives here always aim to eradicate a criminal activity Incentives here always aim to eradicate a criminal activity 2. Community capacity Aims to create better community life by improving some aspect of the community’s functioning Aims to create better community life by improving some aspect of the community’s functioning © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

9. Varieties of Community Justice Means continuum Means continuum Most governmental organizations work solo in that they attend to their own responsibilities with little direct concern about the way other organizations affect and are affected by their work Most governmental organizations work solo in that they attend to their own responsibilities with little direct concern about the way other organizations affect and are affected by their work The advantage is that programs can be implemented quickly and without consultation with other organizations The advantage is that programs can be implemented quickly and without consultation with other organizations © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

10. Four Prototypes of Community Justice Programs Involvement Model Involvement Model A prototype of the Involvement Model of community justice is problem-oriented policing developed by Herman Goldstein A prototype of the Involvement Model of community justice is problem-oriented policing developed by Herman Goldstein Center for Problem-Oriented Policing Center for Problem-Oriented Policing Center for Problem-Oriented Policing Center for Problem-Oriented Policing Advantages Advantages Provides another source of information about local public safety problems, and is therefore a superior way to gather information about police priorities Provides another source of information about local public safety problems, and is therefore a superior way to gather information about police priorities Also give the police a support system in the community for police practices Also give the police a support system in the community for police practices © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

11. Four Prototypes of Community Justice Programs Weaknesses Weaknesses The strength that a single agency can act unilaterally with citizens groups is also a weakness The strength that a single agency can act unilaterally with citizens groups is also a weakness For a single agency, such as the police or probation, to confront complex problems without considering the interests of other groups involved can reduce the impact of the community justice work and lead to frustration for the agency and disappointment for the citizens For a single agency, such as the police or probation, to confront complex problems without considering the interests of other groups involved can reduce the impact of the community justice work and lead to frustration for the agency and disappointment for the citizens © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

12. Four Prototypes of Community Justice Programs Partnership Model Partnership Model Justice agencies such as the police work in collaboration with citizens and other public-and- private-sector interests to identify problem priorities and generate strategic solutions to prevent crime Justice agencies such as the police work in collaboration with citizens and other public-and- private-sector interests to identify problem priorities and generate strategic solutions to prevent crime Four layers of partnership Four layers of partnership 1. The resident groups 2. One CJ agency aligning with another to try to increase the effectiveness of public safety efforts 3. Non-justice agencies in public safety collaborations 4. Private sector © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

13. Four Prototypes of Community Justice Programs This model offers a more sophisticated response to complicated and rather entrenched problems This model offers a more sophisticated response to complicated and rather entrenched problems Negatives are competition for funding among partners and the natural tension between agencies set up to help people and those established to sanction them Negatives are competition for funding among partners and the natural tension between agencies set up to help people and those established to sanction them The main difficulty is the limited capacity of those neighborhoods with the greatest public safety problems The main difficulty is the limited capacity of those neighborhoods with the greatest public safety problems Need to increase their capacity before partnerships can be truly successful Need to increase their capacity before partnerships can be truly successful © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

14. Four Prototypes of Community Justice Programs Mobilization Model Mobilization Model Seeks to counter the most prominent problem underlying poor neighborhoods: disorganization Seeks to counter the most prominent problem underlying poor neighborhoods: disorganization This approach brings people together to confront their own problems and the strategies work by creating new capacity within neighborhoods This approach brings people together to confront their own problems and the strategies work by creating new capacity within neighborhoods e.g., neighborhood watch e.g., neighborhood watch May be hard to get persons involved in the cause when they are struggling just to make it day-to-day, especially when they do not see an immediate payoff to their community involvement May be hard to get persons involved in the cause when they are struggling just to make it day-to-day, especially when they do not see an immediate payoff to their community involvement Sometimes can be accomplished through a sense of anger about an event or conditions. Confrontational strategies used, but hard to keep enthusiasm up Sometimes can be accomplished through a sense of anger about an event or conditions. Confrontational strategies used, but hard to keep enthusiasm up © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

15. Four Prototypes of Community Justice Programs Intermediary Model Intermediary Model Operates under two assumptions Operates under two assumptions 1. What troubled neighborhoods need most is investment in capacity so that new strengths can be created and the natural base can be strengthened 2. What troubled neighborhoods have is a large contingent of uncoordinated, largely ineffective agencies and services involved in community life but not affecting it very much © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

16. Four Prototypes of Community Justice Programs Focuses on reinvestment of existing resources to more directly target the needs of the community Focuses on reinvestment of existing resources to more directly target the needs of the community The work of the intermediary is to help criminal justice and other governmental agencies to shift from business-as-usual methods of merely dealing with criminal events to a new way of working that seeks to strengthen the neighborhood The work of the intermediary is to help criminal justice and other governmental agencies to shift from business-as-usual methods of merely dealing with criminal events to a new way of working that seeks to strengthen the neighborhood Often difficult to coordinate the agendas of multiple agencies involved in serving a single location Often difficult to coordinate the agendas of multiple agencies involved in serving a single location © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

17. Which Community Justice Model is Best? There is no “right” answer to this question There is no “right” answer to this question Questions on p. 139 help in determining the answer Questions on p. 139 help in determining the answer In the end, the key strategy for community justice is the one that best fits the needs and assets of the community In the end, the key strategy for community justice is the one that best fits the needs and assets of the community © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

18. Issues in Community Justice Is it fair to have poor places take on their own crime-prevention issues? Is it fair to have poor places take on their own crime-prevention issues? Can there be equality across places? Can there be equality across places? Can there be impartiality in cases? Can there be impartiality in cases? How do you protect the rights and interests of individuals and community minorities? How do you protect the rights and interests of individuals and community minorities? © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

19. Issues in Community Justice Aren’t there big problems in reinvestment strategies? Aren’t there big problems in reinvestment strategies? Will it work or will it backfire? Will it work or will it backfire? How will community justice initiatives be measured to ensure funding is received? How will community justice initiatives be measured to ensure funding is received? © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

20. The Future of Community Justice Community justice has developed deep roots in police practice, informs most of the innovation in courts, and has become an important force in correctional practice Community justice has developed deep roots in police practice, informs most of the innovation in courts, and has become an important force in correctional practice The appeal of traditional criminal justice remains very strong The appeal of traditional criminal justice remains very strong Community leaders have started to recognize the potential of the underlying principles of community justice Community leaders have started to recognize the potential of the underlying principles of community justice © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora

21. The Future of Community Justice A core aspect of the future of community justice is evidence A core aspect of the future of community justice is evidence New initiatives must be studied and their results more fully understood New initiatives must be studied and their results more fully understood A second aspect of the future of community justice is political A second aspect of the future of community justice is political Finally, there is the question of whether this new idea called community justice can retain its quality of creativity and innovation Finally, there is the question of whether this new idea called community justice can retain its quality of creativity and innovation © 2011 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr and Eric Cadora