1. AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Part 3
Refuelling

2. Refuelling Aircraft are normally refuelled after every flight,
before it is parked or put away in a hangar,
to prevent condensation in the empty tank.
This also reduces the setup time
for future sorties.

3. Refuelling Aircraft may be refuelled in many ways: Jerry cans Bowsers
High pressure from ground tanks
Hand or mechanical pump from
ground or portable tanks
Air-Air Refuelling (AAR)

4. Refuelling Fire is a real risk during any refuelling. Bonding
(linking metal parts with a conductor)
prevents sparks from static electricity
during refuelling.
Work on electrical or radio equipment
is prohibited within 15 metres
of an aircraft being refuelled.

5. Refuelling Pressure Refuelling dramatically reduces refuelling time.
(where fuel is pumped into the aircraft at high pressure)
dramatically reduces refuelling time.
Aircraft are fitted with shut off valves
which automatically close when the fuel
in the tanks reaches the required level.

6. Refuelling AVGAS AVTUR AVTAG AVCAT Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN
fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT

7. Refuelling AVGAS & AVCAT Aviation Fuel are both types of Gasoline.
Remember
that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it,
then it is a type of Gasoline.

8. Refuelling AVTUR & AVTAG Aviation Fuel Most gas turbine engines
can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG.
Remember
the middle ‘T’ stands for Turbine.

9. Refuelling AVTUR Aviation Fuel is made from Kerosene. Remember
there’s a R in AVTUR,
and an R in KeRosene

10. Loading Aircraft loads must be securely stowed
and correctly distributed
to ensure that the centre of gravity (C of G)
is within the limits.
Large aircraft have
an Air Load Master / Air Quartermaster,
who supervising the loading process

11. Loading Overloading has the following effects:
Increases take off & landing distances.
Increases the stalling speed
Reduces rate of climb.
Reduces range
Reduces endurance.
Reduces the aircraft’s ceiling height
In a twin or multi-engined aircraft
it may make it impossible to maintain flight
in the event of an engine failure.

12. Loading It is of little use ensuring that
the maximum all up weight is not exceeded
if the aircraft is not properly balanced
owing to the uneven distribution of the load.
The load must be distributed
so that the C of G
falls within the limits for the aircraft.
The aircraft is then correctly balanced
fore and aft and may be flown safely.

13. Check Understanding One of the reasons we refuel aircraft
after every flight is to prevent what?
Build-up of static electricity
Condensation in the refuelling hose
Condensation in the fuel bowser
Condensation in the fuel tank

14. Check Understanding Pressure Refuelling Open-line refuelling
What type of aircraft refuelling can
dramatically reduce refuelling time?
Pressure Refuelling
Open-line refuelling
Mobile Bowser Refuelling
Team Refuelling

15. Check Understanding Over-pressurisation Condensation
During refuelling, aircraft bonding is achieved
to eliminate the fire risk caused by what?
Over-pressurisation
Condensation
Static electricity
Fuel leaks

16. Which aviation turbine fuel
Check Understanding
Which aviation turbine fuel
is made from kerosene?
AVTAG
AVTUR
AVGAS
AVCAT

17. Check Understanding AVGAS or AVTUR AVTUR or AVTAG AVTAG or AVGAS
The majority of gas turbine engines
run on one of which two fuels?
AVGAS or AVTUR
AVTUR or AVTAG
AVTAG or AVGAS
AVCAT or AVTUR

18. Check Understanding AVGAS and AVTAG are both types of what?
Turbine Fuel
Kerosene
Diesel
Gasoline

19. Check Understanding Poor planning Excess fuel Overloading Wind speeds
Increased stalling speed,
landing and take-off run,
and reduced climb performance,
can all be the results of what?
Poor planning
Excess fuel
Overloading
Wind speeds

20. Check Understanding The aircraft load must be correctly distributed
to ensure that:
The centre of gravity
is within limits.
Freight can be offloaded
in the correct order.
No damage is done
to the load in flight.
Access to aircraft doors
is not impaired.

21. AIRCRAFT HANDLING
End of Presentation