1. Sam Schleiger & Payton Wagmeister Period 1 HAP
The Gonad Glands
Sam Schleiger & Payton Wagmeister
Period 1 HAP

2. Function & Importance of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis and long term control using chemical signals
It’s a collection of glands that secrete chemical messages called hormones
The endocrine system works along with the nervous system to control growth and maturation

3. The Gonad Glands Refers to two male testicles
Releases hormones necessary for development of male sex characteristics
Refers to two female ovaries
Releases hormones necessary for development of female sex characteristics and child-bearing capabilities (maintaining a pregnancy)

4. Location Testes located in the scrotum
Temperature difference allows for sperm to properly develop
Ovaries located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus

5. Function of gland in the Body
Testes release hormones that cause:
Enlargement of testicles, penis, and larynx (deeper voice)
Growth of facial, axillary, and pubic hair
Ovaries release hormones that cause:
Growth of breasts, pubic hair, and axillary hair
Changes in the genital tract (gives child-bearing capability)
Menstrual Cycle:
Hormones control cyclic changes within the uterus that involve the development, ripening, and discharge of the egg (ovulation) to be fertilized
Hormones prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg or dismantle the lining if an egg is not implanted

6. Hormones the gland Secretes
Male  Secretes androgenic hormones such as testosterone
Female  Secretes estrogen & progesterone

7. Testicular Hormones
Testosterone – principal androgenic hormone produced by the Leydig cells of the testes
Stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) of anterior pituitary gland
Regulation of gonadotropic secretion, spermatogenesis, and Wolffian duct differentiation
Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics (body hair, deepening voice)

8. Ovarian Hormones
Estrogen – hormone responsible for female secondary sex characteristic development
Creates an environment suitable for fertilization, implantation, and nutrition
Progesterone – steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta
Prepares uterus for implantation, maintains pregnancy, promotes development of mammary glands
corpus lu´teum a yellow glandular mass in the ovary, formed by an ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its oocyte.

9. Diagrams

10. Testicular Cancer Starts in the testicles, where sperm is produced
Two types:
Seminoma  slow-growing; usually found in men aged 30s to 40s; can spread to the nodes
Non-seminoma  more common & grows quickly
Cause  unknown but some possibilities could be:
Abnormal testicle development
History of testicular cancer and/or undescended testicle
Symptoms  may be no symptoms, but if there are:
Discomfort/pain or enlargement of testicle
Heaviness in the scrotum,
Excess development of breast tissue
Lump or swelling in either testicle

11. Ovarian Cancer Starts in the ovaries where eggs are produced
Causes  unknown, but some possibilities could be:
Giving birth to fewer children or later in life
Certain gene problems
Family history of breast/ovarian cancer
Those who’ve had breast cancer or take estrogen replacement
Older women in general
Symptoms  typically by the time the cancer is diagnosed, it has spread beyond the ovaries; look for:
Bloating or swollen belly area
Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
Pelvic or lower abdominal pain or “heaviness” of the area
Sudden urge to urinate
Excessive hair growth

12. Ovarian Cancer
Testicular Cancer

13. Ambiguous Genitalia Disorder of sex development (DSD)
Sex assignment is typically based on appearance of external genitalia (penis or clitoris) but the gonadal sex (ovaries, ovotestes, or testes) and genetics sex (XX or XY) are important as well
Assignment of sex requires a multi-disciplinary team approach:
Endocrinologist, the parents, genetics, psychiatry, pediatric surgery or urology, social worker.
Some advocate performing surgery earlier before the child has the opportunity to identify with a particular sex, while others advocate for the child deciding when older
Causes:
Chromosomal abnormalities (missing or extra sex chromosome)
Mutations in certain genes
Lack of male hormones in genetic male fetus (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome)
Exposure to male hormones during development of genetic female fetus (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)

14. Picture Bibliography
Blood Platelets (slide 1)
Diagram of Endocrine System (slide 3)
Testes (slide 4)
Ovaries (slide 3)
Progesterone (slide 6)
Testosterone (slide 6)
Ovary hormone release (slide 9)
Hormonal Control of Ovulation (slide 9)
Gonad hormone release (slide 9)
Ovarian cancer (slide 12)
Testicular cancer (slide 12)

15. Bibliography
"Ambiguous Genitalia." Endocrinology. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar
"Ambiguous Genitalia." Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar
"Estrogen." The Free Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar
Miller & Levine. "Chapter 34: Section 3: The Reproductive System." Biology. N.p.: Pearson Education, N. pag. Print.
"Ovarian Cancer." PubMed Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar
"Progesterone." The Free Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar
Shmaefsky, Brian R. "Chapter 7: The Endocrine Glands and Hormones: Section: Gonads." Applied Anatomy and Physiology: A Case Study Approach. St. Paul, MN: Paradigm, Print.
"The Endocrine Glands - The Gonads." The New International Standard Medical & Health Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar
"The Endocrine System." The Endocrine System. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar
"Testicular Cancer." PubMed Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar
"Testosterone." The Free Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar

16. Concept Check What are the two gonad glands of the endocrine system?
Testes and Parathyroid
Thyroid and Hypothalamus
Ovaries and Testes
Ovaries and Pineal
All of the following are true except:
Testosterone is released by the testes
Estrogen is a steroid hormone that promotes the development of the mammary glands
Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the ovaries
None of the above
Girls and boys both undergo all of these changes except:
Growth of pubic hair
Growth of axillary hair
Growth of the larynx, causing a deeper voice
Genitalia fully develop into adult form
You and your spouse have just given birth to a perfectly healthy child. However, the doctor tells you that there is a serious issue. Based on the genetic sex, your child is a girl. Based on the external genitalia, the child would technically be considered a boy. What could have happened, and what would you do as a parent to handle this situation? What is the controversy underlying cases such as this?
Since the child is a genetic girl (XX) but has seemingly-male external genitalia, the fetus could have suffered from Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. This means that the female fetus was exposed to an excess amount of male hormones while developing. As a parent, despite it being easier to be a boy because of the external genitalia, I would have my baby undergo the surgery to become a girl. There have been other cases such as this where the parents have raised the child as a boy, and she is never happy and may even commit suicide. The controversy behind something like this is whether the parents should make the decision, or if they should allow the child to make the decision later in life.