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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Individualism-collectivism Masculinity-femininity Power distance Uncertainty avoidance
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions (cont’d)
Work-related value dimensions Most influential effort to group by cultural values Surveyed over 116,000 employees in more than 70 countries Created maps of pairs of dimensions
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Individualism-Collectivism
Self-perception as individual or part of a group Most widely studied Most complex Dimensions different across cultures i.e., Asian vs Latin American collectivism
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Individualism-Collectivism (cont’d)
High value on autonomy Individual achievement Privacy Collectivism High value on group Family, clan, organization Loyalty Devotion Conformity
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Masculinity-Femininity Describes Importance of Achievement versus Relationships
Success Assertive acquisition of money/power achievement Equality of genders Caring for disadvantaged harmony
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Power Distance Acceptance of differences in power
High-Power Distance Accept position Follow authority Concentrated & centralized authority Hierarchical Low-Power Distance Avoid concentration of authority Decentralized Fewer layers of management
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Uncertainty Avoidance Reaction to ambiguous events
Low Uncertainty Avoidance Embrace unpredictable Less adherence to rules, procedures, or hierarchies Risk taking desirable High Uncertainty Avoidance Threatened by ambiguity Need stable & predictable workplace Reliance on rules
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Cultural Maps Individualism-Collectivism & Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity-Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance
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Individualism-Collectivism & Power Distance
Large power distance and collectivism Asia and Latin America Small power distance and individualism Northern Europe and Anglo countries
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Culture Map for Power Distance and Individualism
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Uncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity-Femininity
Achievement oriented-weak uncertainty avoidance & masculine values Security Motivation-high uncertainty avoidance & masculinity Social Motivation-feminine values & high uncertainty avoidance
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Culture Map for Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity-Femininity
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Uncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance
Family-large power distance & weak uncertainty avoidance Pyramid of People-large power distance & strong uncertainty avoidance Well-Oiled Machine-small power distance & strong uncertainty avoidance Village Market-small power distance & low uncertainty avoidance
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Culture Map for Power Distance and Uncertainty Orientation
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Limitation of Hofstede’s Dimensions
Missing countries Estimates values Ignores differences within clusters
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Trompenaars’s Alternative Dimensions
Focus on values and relationships Survey of 15,000 managers Over 10-year period From 28 countries Bipolar cultural dimensions
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Trompenaars’s Alternative Dimensions (cont’d)
Outer-directed—Inner-directed Universalism—Particularism Neutral—Emotional Specific—Diffuse Achievement—Ascription Individualism—Communitarianism
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