1. The Cell: History and Theory Chapter 7 Powerpoint #2 Honors Biology

2. Cell Theory and the Scientists Who Helped Shape It

3. Scientists and the Cell Theory

4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Born: October 24, 1632 Died: August 30, 1723
He is known as the “Father of Microscopy.”

5. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Discoveries:
- 1673: He looked at pond scum under the microscope and discovered small organisms he called animalcules or little animals (Protists)
- 1676: discovered bacteria

6. Robert Hooke Born: July 18, 1635 Died: March 3, 1703
Wrote and published “Micrographia”
Known as the “English Father of Microscopy”

7. Robert Hooke Contributions:
- He observed pieces of cork from the bark of a cork tree under the microscope.
- His observations led him to coin the word “cell.”
- “Cell”- means little rooms in Latin
- He compared the small boxes to the small rooms that monks lived in.

8. Matthias Schleiden Born: April 5, 1804 Died: June 23, 1881
German botanist
Discovered that all plants were made of cells
Contributed to the creation of the cell theory

9. Theodor Schwann Born: December 7, 1810 Died: January 11, 1882
German zoologist
Concluded that all animals are made of cells.
Contributed to the creation of the cell theory

10. Rudolph Virchow Born: October 13, 1821 Died: September 5, 1902
German pathologist
He is known as the
“Father of Pathology.”
Discovered that all living cells come only from other living cells.

11. The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
Living cells come only from other living cells.

12. Two Main Types of Cells Prokaryote generally smaller and simpler
DO NOT have a nucleus –
DNA is not contained
All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular
example: all bacteria

13. Two Main Types of Cells Eukaryote = “true nucleus” Contains a nucleus
Contains dozens of specialized cell parts (organelles)
Some unicellular organisms,
many multicellular
example: all plants, animals, and fungi

14. Cell Types (Review) Eukaryotic
1. Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
2. Rod shaped chromosomes
3. Found in all kingdoms except the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
1. Does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
2. Circular chromosome
3. Found only in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Kingdoms

15. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Two Main Types of Cells
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Both:
Have a cell membrane
Contain DNA
Have cytoplasm with ribosomes

16. Endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton

17. Parts and Functions of Eukaryotic Cells

18. Organelles “mini-organs”
Each part of a cell with a specific job is called an organelle

19. Cell-City Analogy
Just as a city is made up of many different components, each with respective functions that they perform for the city to thrive, a cell is also made of structures (organelles), each with specific roles and duties.

20. Nucleus
Contains the genetic material (DNA) & controls the cell’s activities
Provides protection for nuclear material
Made of 3 parts:
(1) nuclear envelope
(2) nucleolus
(3) chromatin

21. Nuclear Envelope
Double –membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

22. Nucleolus
Small, dense region within most nuclei that produces rRNA

23. Ribosome Site of protein synthesis
May be either free-floating or attached to E.R.

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of transport Channels
2 Kinds
Smooth ER(SER): Synthesis of lipids and steroids
Rough ER (RER): Synthesis and processing of proteins (ribosomes make it “rough”)

25. Golgi Apparatus Packages proteins from the RER for secretion.
Packages lipids & steroids from the SER in to vesicles to send to other organelles, or out of the cell.

26. Lysosome
Membrane-enclosed sac of enzymes needed to break down cellular debris
recycling the cell's organic material
Made by the Golgi apparatus

27. Mitochondrion Releases energy from glucose (cellular respiration)
Makes ATP, the main energy source for almost all cell processes.

28. Cytoplasm
Contents of a cell inside the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus.
The gel-like substance in the cytoplasm is called cytosol

29. Cell Membrane
Thin, Flexible barrier around a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
More about this later…

30. Cytoskeleton Microfilament Microtubule
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Microfilament
Long, thin filament that functions in the movement and support of the cell
Hollow tube of protein that maintains cell shape and functions as a “track” along which organelles move through the cell
Microtubule

31. Animal Cells ONLY !!!

32. Centriole
One of two small cylindrical structures near the nuclear envelope of animal cells.
It helps organize microtubules during cell division
Helps build cilia & flagella

34. Plant Cells ONLY !!!

35. Cell Wall
Provides structure and protection to the cell. Found outside cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
Made of:
Cellulose – Plants
Chitin – Fungi
Peptidoglycan - Bacteria

36. Chloroplast
Converts energy from the sun into chemical energy, in the form of glucose

38. Vacuole Membrane-bound sac, largest structure in plant cell
Helps maintain water pressure in the cell
Site in the cell where water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates are stored

40. Endoplasmic reticulum
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts