1. Early Transport

2. Early Motor Vehicles

3. Automobile Automobile is a self propelled vehicle used for transportation of goods and passengers on the ground Capton Nicholas Cugnot, a french man considered to be the father of the Automobile. In 1769 he built the first self propelled road vehicle with three wheeled coach, fitted with a steam engine.  In 1938 first motor car appeared in India

4. Types Of Automobiles Automobiles are classified as With respect to use: a)Auto cycles and mopeds b)Scooters, motor cycles c)Cars d)Lorries e)Trucks and Tractors With respect to capacity a)High transport vehicles-buses, coaches, trucks and tractors b)Light transport vehicles- cars, jeeps, scooters, motor cycles c)Medium vehicles- Tempo, minibus

5. With respect to fuel used a)Petrol vehicles-jeep, car, scooters, motor cycles. b)Diesel vehicles-jeep, car, buses, trucks, tractors c)Gas vehicles d)Electrical vehicles – heavy cranes, battery trucks With respect to Make a)Leyland b)Tata c)Ambassador, Maruti, etc d)Bajaj, Vespa, Lambretta and Rajdoot etc With respect to Wheels a)Two wheelers-motor cycles/scooters/luna/mopeds etc b)Three wheelers- Tempos, autorickshaws c)Four wheelers-cars, jeeps, buses d)Six wheelers

6. With respect to motion a)Reciprocating-piston engine b)Rotary- Wankel engine c)Gas turbines With respect to Suspension a)Conventional-leaf spring b)Independent-coil, c)Torsion bar, d)Pneumatics According to the cycle of operation a)Otto cycle engines, b)Diesel cycle engines, and c)Dual cycle engines

7. According to the method of fuel injection a)Carburettor engines, and b)Air injection engines. According to the number of cylinders a)Single cylinder engines, and b)Multi-cylinder engines With respect to Cylinder arrangement a)Horizontal opposed type engines b)Vertical In-line type engines c)V-type engines and d)Radial engines

9. Automobile chassis

12. Lorry chassis

13. Jeep Chassis

14. Coach chassis

15. Various Systems in an Automobile Fuel System: This consists of fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel pump, carburettor. But in case of diesel engine fuel injector is replaced by the carburettor Unit II

16. Fuel System of a petrol engine

17. Power Unit Engine which consist of cylinder, piston,piston pin,piston ring, connecting rod, crank shaft, Carburettor is connected to the engine cylinder through manifolds. Fuel injector replaces the spark plug in case of diesel engine and power generates in the cylider due to ignition of air-fuel mixture. UNIT I

19. Transmission system Consist of clutch, gear box, universal joint, propeller shaft, differential and rear Axle. Through these parts power will be transmitted from the engine to the rear wheels. Steering system The vehicle will move on the road due to transmission of power from the engine to the wheel. Steering system is provided in order to give proper direction to the vehicles on the road. UNIT V & UNIT VI

20. Transmission System

21. Suspension systems If the road on which vehicle moving is not smooth, vehicle recieves the shocks and hence the passenger feels uncomfortable. Hence to solve this problem suspension system is provided in the vehicle. Brake system As power will be transmitted to the wheels from the engine vehicle will move on the road.When the vehicle is moving it must be stopped somewhere. Hence brake system is adopted in the vehicle. UNIT VII

22. Suspension System

23. Brake System

24. Ignition System This system is provided in order to generate the power by ignition of the air fuel mixture in the cylinder of the engine. Electrical system This system is provided in the vehicle in order to give lighting and in the petrol engine to generate spark from the spark plug. UNIT IV

25. Ignition System

26. Cooling System During power generation in the cylinder of engine cylinder enormous amount of heat will be generated. If some heat is not removed it will damage the piston, Cylinder, piston pin, other moving parts. Hence this system is provided. Lubrication System This system is provided in order to increase the engine performance and to increase the life of various moving parts by minimising the friction between the moving parts. UNIT I Superchargers and turbo chargers are provided to increase the capacity and power output of the engine UNIT III

27. Cooling System Lubrication System

30. Advantages of V-type engine over In-Line engine V-type engine permits a shorter, lighter and more rigid engine Shorter engine provides more space for passenger on small wheel base More rigid engine permits higher running speeds and higher combustion pressure with less difficulty from flexing or bending of the cylinder bock and crankshaft It permits use of intake manifoding that assures relatively even distribution of the air-fuel mixture to all cylinders r relatively close together

31. Comparision of SI and CI engines Sl No. DescriptionSI EngineCI Engine 1.Basic CycleBased on Otto cycleBased on Diesel Cycle 2.FuelPetrol or gasoline High self Ignition temperature is desirable Diesel lo self ignition temperature is desirable 3.Introduction of fuel Fuel and air introduced as a gaseous mixture in the suction stroke. Carburetor is necessary to provide the mixture Fuel is injected directly into combustion chamber at high pressure at the end of compression stroke. Carburetor is eliminated but a high pressure fuel pump and injector are necessary Throttle valve controls the quantity of mixture introduced Quantity of fuel is regulated in the fuel pump 4.IgnitionRequires an ignition system with spark plug in the combustion chamber Self igniton due to high temperature caused by high compression of air when fuel is injected. Ignition system and spark plug are eliminated

32. 10StartingEasy, low cranking effortDifficult, high cranking effort Sl No. DescriptionSI EngineCI Engine 5.Compression range 6 to 10.5 upper limit of compression ratio fixed by anti knock quality of fuel 14 to 22 upper limit of compression ratio is limited b the rapidly increasing weight of the engine structure as the compression ration is further increased 6.SpeedHigher max. Revolution per minute due to light weight Max. RPM is lower 7.EfficiencyMax. efficiency lower due to low compression ratio Higher max. efficiency due to higher compression ratio 8.WeightLighterHeavier due to higher pressures 9.Distribution of fuel Air fuel ratio is not optimum in multi cylinder engines Excellent distribution of fuel in multi cylinder engines