1. 1 Augmented Feedback Chapter 4

2. 2 Note For those of you who have recently taken KNR 257 (motor learning and performance) you’ll note similarity between the slides. No surprise – it’s the same material. The difference comes at the end, where more recent findings are reviewed in preparation for next week’s research readings

3. 3 Feedback types After performance… Sensory feedback (Task-intrinsic) Visual Proprioceptive Auditory Tactile Augmented feedback (Task-extrinsic) Knowledge of results (KR): information about the outcome Knowledge of performance (KP): information about the movement

4. 4 Relative importance of feedback Sometimes it’s essential for learning Critical feedback needed for learning is not “available” or not interpretable for whatever reason Unseen target Disease/disability - loss of sensation Task-intrinsic feedback is there, but can’t be understood (timing)

5. 5 Relative importance of feedback Sometimes it may not be needed Sensory feedback available, understood, and usable Duplicating information that is already available E.g. Saying “you hit it” when the person can clearly see they did (not only redundant, but annoying)

6. 6 Relative importance of feedback Sometimes it may enhance learning They can learn without it, but it speeds up learning Complex skills requiring new patterns of multi- limb coordination Aids the search through the “perceptual-motor workspace” (directs attention, aids in cue usage and so on) E.g. golf shots, most sports skills We’ll discuss this more towards the end of this slide set and next time

7. 7 Relative importance of feedback It may even make things worse Feedback after every trial (guidance hypothesis, see later) Concurrent feedback (but again see later) In both cases, the idea is that there’s an inappropriate amount of attention paid to the augmented feedback

8. 8 KR & KP – the lab & the “real world” Teachers & coaches use KP almost exclusively Motor learning research has been founded mostly on KR Problem (external validity)? Maybe – needs to be borne in mind for the next few slides Don’t just assume it’s all junk though – it has to be argued, and argued well

9. 9 The “small & simple” paradigm Principle 1: Feedback must be prescriptive for folk to learn from it, so we need to study it in such situations Principle 2: the task must be simple enough that folk can learn it in the time available, so that we can say something about learning The “small and simple” paradigm met both these objectives by: Using simple tasks that only required a small amount of practice to learn Using tasks where feedback was essential to learning (so feedback was prescriptive), and examining how different doses of feedback affected learning

10. 10 The “small & simple” paradigm Feedback is prescriptive: provides guidance towards correct performance

11. 11 The “small & simple” paradigm Does this mean 100% feedback improves learning?

12. 12 The “small & simple” paradigm The guidance hypothesis…why does this happen?

13. 13 Feedback “scheduling” Reducing guidance…improving learning Relative frequency…less is more Summary…100% feedback but only 10% of the time Self-selected frequency (tend to choose less frequent) Choose to get feedback when accurate, and works best when the choice is after performance (Chiviakowsky & Wulf, 2005) Bandwidth feedback…

14. 14 Feedback “scheduling” 0% (no) bandwidth (100%KR) 10% bandwidth (?% KR) 425ms475ms525ms575ms Target (500ms) 425ms“…..”“…..”575ms ‘Correct’ 450 550

15. 15 Feedback “scheduling” Reducing guidance…improving learning Bandwidth feedback… Provides guidance (correction) only when necessary (big errors) Also tells people NOT to correct when they are reasonably accurate

16. 16 Feedback “scheduling” Bandwidth feedback…more than just a relative frequency effect From: Lee and Carnahan (1990)

17. 17 Feedback “scheduling” Bandwidth feedback…effects on performance? “Blocking”…similar to guidance ideas When you increase the bandwidth, you decrease relative frequency of feedback In doing so you reduce “blocking” of sensory feedback Maladaptive short-term corrections

18. 18 Feedback “scheduling” Bandwidth feedback…effects on performance? Maladaptive short-term corrections Increased bandwidths reduce attempts to correct very small errors in performance Note influence of “no-feedback” trials

19. 19 Feedback “scheduling” Bandwidth feedback…learning? Larger bandwidths (up to a point) may improve learning Cause: Blocking Reduction in MSTC. You want the bandwidth to be sized so that it reduces RF to an appropriate level and reduce the occurrence of MSTC

20. 20 More recent findings Recent research has suggested guidance ideas are not always accurate Sometimes frequent feedback seems desirable even for learning The effect of the feedback on attentional focus seems to be important

21. 21 High frequency is good Wulf & Shea (1999) Concurrent feedback The more often it was presented, the better people performed One of the papers reviewed for next week seems to offer an explanation... Performance improvement

22. 22 High frequency can be good Retention data from a soccer kicking study Pay attention to: Feedback frequency Attentional focus Interaction between the two

23. 23 Next week Please read the first paper in the list Read first for comprehension (quickly) Read again for critique (slower) Q1: What do you think of the external validity of the method of altering focus of attention to improve learning? Think of a new situation, set of ages etc, and whether the findings will change Q2: What do you think of the construct validity of the cues used to manipulate focus of attention? (specifically, is it just focus of attention that is manipulated across the two sets of cues?)