1. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 1 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission RFID Tutorial for 802 Enterprise use of RFID Ongoing Activities Challenges Radio Standards Issues

2. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 2 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission RFID What is it? Where is it in technology life cycle? Challenges Issues Radio Issues What can IEEE and 802 do?

3. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 3 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission “Simple” passive RFID tag Low cost tag with pre-defined id –Logically mapped to tracked asset Radio Field Excites Tag –4W Burst –EPCGlobal Frequencies 857MHz Europe (3MHz wide) 915MHz US (26MHz wide) 960MHz Japan (3MHz wide) Location –Last known Location Benefits: –Reusable (can be re-assigned) –Zero production costs (purchased ready-to-use from vendor) Boeing examples: –Employee badge proximity chip id  bemsid –Wichita Passive tag id  order number –Philadelphia Passive tag id  part number –Auburn pilot Passive tag id  cart  electronic manifest

4. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 4 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission Active Tag RFID Battery –Last 3-5 years –Motion activated tags 802.11 Versions Real Time Location Services (using WLAN Access Points)

5. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 5 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission Passive Tag RFID Life Cycle Promotion by Wal-Mart and DoD –Consumer product emphasis –2 cent tags Valley of Despair –Been through the hype –Been through the heights –Radio issues put it in the valley of despair

6. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 6 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission Active Tag RFID Life Cycle Valley of Despair –Little hype –Expensive tags ($50) –Radio advantages over passive (no burst of power) –RSSI issues put it in the valley of despair for factory applications –Minimally requires TDOA to be usable

7. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 7 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission “Simple” RFID Architecture Tag Vendor s/w Reader/ Antenna Message Parser Asset Mapping Business Rules RFID “application” Business Application(s) Tag Id Antenna XML message: Tag Id Antenna Date/Time VendorEnterprise (Pre-defined RFID tag) “RFID Application” can be used to determine what needs to be delivered where and how (variation 2) (variation 1)

8. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 8 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r0 Submission Badge Access Management System (AMS) The proximity (badge) reader communicates with a control panel that resides locally. The panel keeps a local copy of badges that have previously accessed the building along with some other data. If the badge being scanned is not in the panel, a request is sent to the AMS host to validate the badge. The AMS host executes the proximity chip id  employee BEMSID “look-up” as appropriate. Proximity Reader Local Control Panel (upon verification, opens door) delivers proximity chip id Verification request AMS Application Badging Application BIT Bems ID Translator

9. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 9 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission RFID Architecture Logical View Unprocessed Tag Data Parsed Tag Data XML Parser Temporary Flat Files Tag data in XML Files Parsed Tag Data Matrics Visibility Manager (MVM) Matrics Antenna Reader Database Loader RFID Oracle Database Tag ID Tag Data Shop Orders RFID Tag (Matrics format) Tag ID Assigned by Matrics Web based Management Visibility screen DC/MRC I/F to ERP HEI VAX User Screens

10. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 10 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission RFID Across an Enterprise Legend

11. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 11 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Challenges Establishing “standards” within an evolving industry for a multi-dimensional systems (passive, active, semi- passive, etc) –Retail versus Manufacturing “requirements” (EPC??) –Minimize proprietary if/when possible Successful implementations of suitable RFID product to business application –Defining data/tag and collection requirements –Security issues –Satisfying frequency management, etc. (avoiding conflicts, redundancy) Providing enterprise-wide resources for: –Current & past RFID “lessons learned” –Technical expertise –Common approach for evaluation, implementation, etc.

12. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 12 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Electronic Product Code (EPC)

13. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 13 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission “Finding the ROI in RFID” From an AMR Research, Inc publication ( Report #16660, October 2003): RFID must be business case/business process driven: “The Bottom Line: In order for companies to find value in RFID, it needs to be viewed as more than a bar code replacement; successful companies have overhauled their business processes to take advantage of the process automation capabilities it offers” “RFID will not cure a bad business process. Achieving the transformational potential of this technology requires creative thinking, often from cross-functional areas of your enterprise.” Infrastructure is a major consideration in RFID implementations “The back end is the key; there is too much focus on tags and readers and not enough on the impact on the software infrastructure and systems integration required to support RFID. Our research shows that this is the area that present the most risk of unexpected cost and project overrun.”

14. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 14 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Critical Components Large Assemblies Contract Tools In-Transit Materiel How can we use RFID? Calibrated Measuring Tools Legal Documents Technical Documents Hazardous Material Receipts Shipments Inventory Phones How We Got Started Computing Assets What Problem(s) are we Trying to Solve?

15. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 15 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Frequency Management Council (Local) Approval RFID Project Approval Process Safety Health Environmental Affairs (Local) Network Support (Local) Business Case (TCO) Lean Assessment Non Standard Justification Process Identification Use Case Definition Approved Hardware/Software RFID Technology Standards Common Use Cases IT Interfaces

16. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 16 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Value Proposition and Customers Logistics Chain of custody, Movement history Maintenance Task manning/tooling/ requred certs) Reliability Recurring Maintenance Actions, Failure Patterns Unstructured Data OEM feedback, Helpful observations Legacy OEM, Birth record, Certs/Specs Authenticity Validation of authenticity & Authorizations for Repair and custody Engineering Curious, life limited or Unique repair Control documents Sustainment Logistics Chain of custody, Movement history Demand Planning Inventory Behavior, Consumption History Inventory Where, How Much Supply Chain Visibility from Partner to Partner Flow Velocity & Idle Time Transportation In-Transit Visibility Asset Management Property, Equipment Visibility Operations Collaboration on Business Value Life Cycle Data Management Emergency Equipment Tooling tracking Inventory tracking Government property Shipping Labels Part tracking and reliability OSD Spend is over $250M/year on RFID technology BCA estimates $1M value increase of RFID enabled A/C

17. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 17 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission 802.11.  Usage Standards Other Boeing ISM & UNII RFID is a user of the unlicensed RF spectrum resource. Due to current and legacy technology and licensing constraints, this is a limited resource. The Boeing RF The Boeing RF resource must be used in accordance with established company RF management processes and priorities. The priorities for the use of the unlicensed spectrum resource were established at a company-wide wireless summit in St. Louis in May, 2001. ProcessesPriorities RFID at the RF Layer

18. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 18 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission 1. Product 2. Process that support product 3. General purpose WLAN 4. Single purpose Try to satisfy priority 2 and 4 requirements with services added to the general purpose wireless service. CNO should team with Engineering to maximize compatibility and synergy between “e-enabled” products and facilities. Boeing’s Wireless Priorities

19. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 19 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Standards Required Tag data standards (EPCGlobal) –Schema Form factor Air-interface protocols –Encryption (IEEE 802.11) –Re-broadcast –Location (IEEE 802.11k, 802.11y) Waveform –Frequency (expanding with 802.11y) –Reflection (i.e.: backscatter) Reader Protocol –Content of Reader/Host Exchanges (abstract syntax) –Message formatting Message framing Message syntax Error information –O/S-provided network facility Network/application integration

20. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 20 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Passive Tag RFID:Passive tag RFID systems will in most cases be priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource. Active Tag RFID (RTLS):Requirements for active tag RFID systems in most cases will be satisfied by a Boeing Network Location Service (BNLS) and its WLAN coverage. Requirements for a standalone non-standard RTLS are by definition priority 4, single purpose users of the RF spectrum. Proposed applications must be reviewed with Boeing Frequency Management for compatibility with existing uses of the Boeing RF spectrum resource. RFID Boeing RF Priorities

21. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 21 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission RFID Standards Big Picture Tag data standards – Boeing Standards (Kathryn Chalfan/Susan Jordan/Ken Porad/Steve Georgevitch/Dave McCoy/Craig Dupler) –Form factor –Schema (maybe more than one) Air-interface protocols – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE? –Encryption –Re-broadcast –Etc. Waveform – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE? –Frequency –Reflection (i.e.: backscatter) Reader Protocol – EPCGlobal/ETSI/IEEE? –Content of Reader/Host Exchanges (abstract syntax) –Message formatting Message framing Message syntax Error information –O/S-provided network facility Network/application integration – Boeing Network/Applications –Location –Schema

22. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 22 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission RF Perspectives Bar Coding – anywhere using IEEE 802.11 for communication to network (relatively close range laser bar code range at 10s of feet) RFID Passive Tag – gates and docks (receiving and transportation) –Away from other RF at same frequency (902-928MHz) –Confined RF location –Work on “Good Neighbor” protocols at PHY/MAC RFID Active Tag – anywhere using the existing infrastructure (IEEE 802.11)

23. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 23 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Security Requirements for RFID Tag Data Data collected from RFID tags, including either the tag’s or tagged item’s identifier may be subject to rules for both “sensitive data” and “data integrity.” Data that is sensitive to disclosure (e.g. proprietary) should not be stored on tags. Any sensitive data to be stored on tags must be encrypted using an approved standard before being transmitted and written to the tag. Sensitive Data Tag writing and storage must use measures to detect tampering and provide non-repudiation of the originator commensurate with the value of the data (e.g. HMAC or digital signature). Integrity

24. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 24 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission 125KHz and 2.4GHz Analysis

25. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 25 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Zigbee Coexistence Map

26. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 26 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission RFID Active Tags RFID Passive Tags Asset Tracking (Location) Supply Chain Cable Replacement VoWLAN and Data Sensors Line-of-Sight (LOS) Directional Delivery of Communications Emergency Lighting WLANs can handle the application classes in “black”: Red applications not able to use WLANs Green can use either WLAN (SMA) or Zigbee 2005 Wireless Application (WAG)

27. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 27 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Leverage what is Intranet equipment (almost ubiquitous 802.11 WLANs) Do not interfere with 802.11 WLAN installed network 2.4GHz (ISM) and 5GHz (UNII+EU+WRC+Japan) deployments Standardize unlicensed frequencies within the enterprise to optimize unlicensed wireless usage Network Principles

28. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 28 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission WAG Principles Principle 1: Underlying Wireless Communications Used by Wireless Applications Must be Secure Principle 2: Information on the Tags and Sensors Must be Capable of Being Secure Principle 3: Use Standards-Based specifications [IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee), etc] for Data Backhaul in Sensor Applications Principle 4: Use IEEE 802.11 Active Tags for RFID Principle 5: Develop a 850-960MHz Passive Tag Standard for Portal or Reader Point Passive Tag RFID RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished

29. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 29 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission WAG Principles (Contd) Principle 6: Frequency Management/ Wireless Network Operations will do a baseline scan before a wireless application deployment. Principle 7: Allow for Confinement of the Passive Tag Reader Energies to Confined Handheld Readers, Portals, Faraday Cages, and Gateways Principle 8: Transition of 915MHz Serial Cable Replacements to Zigbee or 802.11. Principle 9: Use of IEEE 802.11a/b Ethernet Extensions for Autonomous Wireless Devices [AWDs or Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)] Using Secure Mobile Communications Methods RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished

30. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 30 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission WAG Principles (Contd) Principle 10: An Enterprise Wireless Management Council be Established to Determine Spectrum Policy Principle 11: An Enterprise Wireless Technical Council be Established to Advise the Spectrum Management Council Principle 12: Maintain Railroad Charts for Wireless Technologies Futures RED – Work in Progress; BLACK – Work Accomplished

31. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 31 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission WAG 2007 UNLICENSED WIRELESS STANDARDS EFFORT (RFID + Other Wireless Applications)

32. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 32 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Boeing Directions Active Tags Real Time Location Service (RTLS) –Active Tags –Network Connected Devices Passive tag for airplane Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) Passive tag for receiving supply chain parts Boeing Worldwide Wireless Requirements –2.4GHz –5GHz –EPCGlobal (Japan, Europe, US)

33. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 33 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Manufacturers/ Suppliers Transportation/ Supply/ Theater Depots/TDCs POEs/PODs Distribution Centers/Depots Customers PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Traditional Active and Passive Tag Roles

34. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 34 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Manufacturers/ Suppliers Transportation/ Supply/ Theater Depots/TDCs POEs/PODs Distribution Centers/Depots Customers PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Actual Active and Passive Tag Roles

35. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 35 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission Principles and Architecture Published in 2005 –Preserve 2.4GHz for WLANs –Preserve 5.15GHz for WLANs Late 2006 to Present – Standards for Other Unlicensed Frequencies –125KHz –13.56MHz –433MHz –*860MHz (Europe) –*902MHz (US and others) –*960MHz (Japan) –1.9GHz –3.1-10.6GHz (UWB) –3.65GHz –2.4GHz (other than WLAN) –5.15GHz (other than WLAN) Boeing’s Wireless Applications Group (WAG) Candidates for Global Passive Tag RFID Standards Development Organization (SDO)

36. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 36 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission 902-928MHz Testing in the Boeing Facilities FACTORY TESTING OF 902-928MHz CLEAN ROOM TESTING OF 902-928MHz

37. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 37 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission 902-928MHz Testing Conclusions Devices interfere with each other (8 different devices tested) Need for 902-928MHz radio and media access standards Need for global radio and media access standards for passive tag RFID Need for Boeing global access of all unlicensed frequencies –Aircraft move worldwide –Boeing military products move worldwide Need standards for all unlicensed radios and media access

38. Nov 2007 Richard Paine, BoeingSlide 38 doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2787r1 Submission IEEE Possibilities Do nothing for a many billion $ industry IEEE 802.15.4 for Passive Tag RFID –Mike McInnis from Boeing leading RFID Study Group in 802.15 IEEE 802 for 902-928MHz –Contention-Based Protocol IEEE 802 for all unlicensed frequencies –Contention-Based Protocol IEEE 19XX for all unlicensed frequencies