1. 6.6: Reproduction
Henry Behre

2. 6.6.1: Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems

4. Progesterone: maintains thickened, highly vascular endometrium
6.6.2: Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (leutenizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone
FSH + LH: increase production/secretion of estrogen by the follicle cells of the ovary
Estrogen: enters bloodstream + targets endometrium tissue of the uterus, resulting in increased blood vessels in the endometrium
Progesterone: maintains thickened, highly vascular endometrium

5. 6.6.3: Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and the thickening of the endometrium

6. 6.6.4: List 3 roles of testosterone in males
Determines development of male genitalia during embryonic development
Ensures development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty
Maintains the sex drive of males throughout their lifetime

7. 6.6.5: Outline the process of in vitro fertilization
Woman receives FSH injections for ~10 days to ensure large number of Graafian follicles
Sperm cells from male collected into container
Several eggs harvested surgically
Harvested eggs mixed with sperm cells in separate culture dishes
Microscopes used to reveal which ova are fertilized and whether early development appears normal
2 or 3 healthy embryos are introduced do decrease risk of failure
Unused embryos can be frozen and used later

8. 6.6.6: Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF
For IVF
Enables couples otherwise unable to have a family
Genetic screening on embryos possible to eliminate the chance of passing on genetic diseases
Will lead to further benefits in reproductive biology

9. 6.6.6: Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF
Against IVF
Embryos that are cultured but not implanted are frozen/destroyed
Complex legal issues over frozen embryos when couples split up
Genetic screening could allow society to customize children
Multiple births + problems w/ multiple births more likely with IVF

10. REVIEW! Correct Answer = CANDY
Which organ secretes FSH?
Ovary
Testis
Pituitary Gland
Placenta

11. Pituitary Gland! Produces FSH + LH
Stimulated by gonadotrophin from the hypothalamus (part of the female’s brainstem)

12. In which of the following structures does meiosis take place?
Epididymis
Prostate gland
Testis
Seminal Vesicle

13. Testis!

14. How does fertilization differ from copulation?
Fertilization always produces a zygote
Only fertilization involves gametes
Fertilization is a conscious event
Fertilization can spread HIV

15. Fertilization always produces a zygote!
Copulation: the act of having sexual intercourse

16. Progesterone and FSH both remain low
Do the levels of progesterone and FSH increase or remain low during the first few days of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone and FSH both remain low
Progesterone remains low but FSH increases
Progesterone increases but FSH remains low
Progesterone and FSH both increase

17. What are the levels of the hormones estrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH during the menstrual cycle at the time of ovulation?
Estrogen
Progesterone LH
FSH A
High
Low B C D

18. Estrogen
Progesterone LH
FSH A)
High
Low

19. How is in vitro fertilization different from natural fertilization in humans?
In vitro fertilization involves artificial injection of sperm into the uterus
In vitro fertilization only involves one parent
In vitro fertilization happens outside the body
In vitro fertilization uses stem cells instead of eggs

20. In vitro fertilization happens outside the body!
Sperm is not injected, only mixed with egg in culture dish
Involves sperm provided by male and eggs surgically removed from female (two parents)

21. 11.4: Reproduction Review! More candy….

22. During fertilization in humans, where do the acrosome and the cortical reactions occur most often?
Acrosome reaction
Cortical reaction A
Vagina
Uterus B
Oviduct C D

23. Acrosome reaction Cortical reaction D Oviduct
Both are reactions that occur between the sperm and the egg leading up to fertilization
Sperm move to the Oviducts (fallopian tubes)

24. What is the location and function of Sertoli cells?
Seminiferous tubule
Feeding developing sperm B
Feeding interstitial cells C
Epididymis D
Feeding interstitial cels

25. Location
Function A
Seminiferous tubule
Feeding developed sperm

26. Estrogen FSH LH Oxytocin
In the menstrual cycle in humans, which hormone causes the wall of the follicle to develop after ovulation and to secrete more progesterone?
Estrogen
FSH LH
Oxytocin

27. LH (Leutenizing Hormone)

28. Which of the following are functions of the placenta?
Gas exchange
Stimulation of uterine contractions
Secretion of progesterone
Secretion of estrogens
A) 1 only B) only
C) 1,3+4 only D) 1,2,3 + 4

29. C) 1, 3, and 4 Gas exchange, secretion of progesterone/estrogen
High level of progesterone + estrogen are needed throughout pregnancy
The placenta and capillaries of the mother exchange materials such as nutrients, water and gas

30. What happens to the zygote immediately after fertilization?
It remains in the uterus until placenta develops
It implants in the wall of the uterus
It divides by meiosis to form an embryo
It divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst

31. It divides by meiosis to form a blastocyst
About 100 cells large
Surrounding cell layer called the trophoblast - helps form the fetal portion of the placenta
Interior cells are the inner cell mass- will become embryo body
Fluid-filled cavity

32. Why is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) important in early pregnancy?
It is required for equal cell divisions in the growing embryo
It stimulates the ovary to continue production of estrogen and progesterone
It increases the rate of cell division in the embryo
It promotes growth of the inner cell mass within the embryo

33. Why is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) important in early pregnancy?
It stimulates the ovary to continue production of estrogen and progesterone
These two hormones are needed at high levels throughout pregnancy
HCG maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary of the woman after fertilization
Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone longer than it would normally
Later in pregnancy, Placenta takes over

34. What does oxytocin control?
Brain development of the fetus
Onset of ovulation
Stimulation of uterine contractions
Implantation of the blastocyst

35. What does oxytocin control?
Stimulation of uterine contractions
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that causes uterine contraction
Low levels of oxytocin early on (no need to have contractions due to lack of development)
Works in a POSITIVE FEEDBACK mechanism
Each contraction results in uterine mechanoreceptors sending signals back to the posterior lobe of the pituitary to produce more oxytocin
This causes more intense and frequent uterine contractions
Ends once birth has controlled (uterus no longer has anything to contract on)