1. Sex Organs and Hormonal Control

2. Male Reproductive System

3. Testis

4. Testis

5. Sperm
tail
head
nucleus

7. Male Structure and Function 1
Site of sperm and testosterone production
Outer area of the testis
Tubes in the testis where sperm are produced from sperm mother cells during meiosis.
Located between the seminiferous tubules in the testis. Produce testosterone, which passes directly in to the blood.
Tube through which spermatozoa is ejaculated and urine is excreted.
Consists of erectile tissue and blood vessels. The urethra is extended into the penis.
TESTIS
EPIDIDYMIS
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
URETHRA
PENIS

8. Male Structure and Function 2
Secretes a viscous liquid rich in fructose and prostagladins. Fructose provides sperm with the energy required to swim.
Prostagladins are hormone-like compounds, which stimulate contractions of the female’s reproductive tract.
Secretes a thin lubricating liquid containing enzymes whose actions maintain the fluid medium at the optimum viscosity for sperm mobility.
Tube through which spermatozoa leave the testis and enter the urethra.
SEMINAL VESICLE
PROSTATE GLAND
SPERM DUCT

9. Female Reproductive System

10. Female Reproductive System

11. Ovary

12. Female Structure and Function 1
Site of ovum/egg production through meiotic division.
Embryo develops here
Neck of the uterus
Site of fertilisation. Tube through which sperm swim to the egg and through which the egg is propelled down towards the uterus.
Lining of the uterus
Birth canal. Area of the female’s body where the male’s penis enters
OVARY
UTERUS
CERVIX
OVIDUCT
ENDOMETRIUM
VAGINA

13. Female Structure and Function 2
Graafian follicle
Encloses the developing ovum and secretes ______________________
Corpus luteum
Develops after ovulation and secretes ______________________
oestrogen
progesterone

14. Notes
The male sex cells are ……………. They are produced in the ………… This is also where the male sex hormone ……………… is produced. Sperm are formed by ……………… in the seminiferous tubules which join together and connect to the …………………… Testosterone is produced by ………………… ……………… between the seminiferous tubules and passes directly into the blood stream. Sperm are motile. This requires a …………… medium and a source of ………………… Fertilisation takes place in the …………………… Semen is a fluid produced by the seminal vesicles that contains ………………… and ………………… It also contains ………………… secreted from the prostate gland. Fructose provides energy, prostaglandins stimulate contraction of the female reproductive tract helping sperm to reach the oviduct faster. Enzymes maintain ……………… of the fluid medium.

15. Notes
The female sex cell is the ………… (ovum). They are formed by …………… in the ……………… The egg is contained in a ……………… ……………… This secretes the female sex hormone …………………… After the egg has been released (…………………..), the follicle develops into a corpus luteum which secretes the sex hormone …………………………

16. Notes (answers)
The male sex cells are sperm. They are produced in the testes. This is also where the male sex hormone testosterone is produced. Sperm are formed by meiosis in the seminiferous tubules which join together and connect to the sperm duct Testosterone is produced by interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules and passes directly into the blood stream. Sperm are motile. This requires a fluid medium and a source of energy. Fertilisation takes place in the oviduct. Semen is a fluid produced by the seminal vesicles that contains fructoseandprostaglandins It also contains enzymes secreted from the prostate gland. Fructose provides energy, prostaglandins stimulate contraction of the female reproductive tract helping sperm to reach the oviduct faster. Enzymes maintain viscosity of the fluid medium.

17. Notes (answers)
The female sex cell is the egg (ovum). They are formed by meiosis in the ovaries. The egg is contained in a graafian follicle. This secretes the female sex hormone oestrogen. After the egg has been released (ovulation), the follicle develops into a corpus luteum which secretes the sex hormone progesterone.

18. Gonadotrophic Hormones
These are secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain.
They target the reproductive organs and are carried by the blood.
Female gonadotrophic hormones are FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinising hormone).
Male gonadotrophic hormones are FSH and ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone)

19. Male Gonadotrophins
FSH targets the testis and promotes sperm production in the seminiferous tubules.
ICSH targets the testis and stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone (which also stimulates sperm production). It also stimulates secretions by the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.

20. Self Regulation of Testosterone

21. Female Gonadotrophins
FSH targets the ovaries and stimulates the development and maturation of the Graafian follicle. It also stimulates the secretion of oestrogen by the ovary tissue.
LH triggers ovulation. It also brings about the development of the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone.

22. Influence of Pituitary Hormones

23. Influence of Ovarian Hormones
Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the endometrium. It also stimulates the secretion of LH by the pituitary.
Progesterone promotes thickening of the endometrium. It also inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary

24. Effect of Progesterone

27. Male Hormones Summary SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (TESTES) ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Secreted from
Target area
Effect
FSH
ICSH
Testosterone
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (TESTES)
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
SPERM PRODUCTION
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
(TESTES)
TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
(TESTES)
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (TESTES)
SPERM PRODUCTION

28. Female Hormone Summary
Secreted from
Target area
Effect
FSH LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
MATURATION OF FOLLICLE
TRIGGERS OVULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LUTEUM
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
OVARIAN TISSUE (GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE)
UTERUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY
PROLIFERATION OF ENDOMETRIUM AND SECRETION OF LH
THICKENING OF ENDOMETRIUM AND INHIBITS SECRETION OF FSH AND LH
UTERUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY
CORPUS LUTEUM

29. LH
FSH
progesterone
oestrogens

31. Fertilisation
Nuclei of male and female gamete fuse together to form a zygote.

32. Fertilisation
After fertilisation the egg secretes HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) which maintains the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and prevents menstruation. After 6 weeks the placenta secretes progestrone

33. Cervix
Cells which line the cervix secrete mucus which lubricates the vagina.
Mucus secretion is stimulated by oestrogen.
High levels of progesterone in the luteal phase causing the mucus to become more viscous and during pregnancy it forms a ‘plug’ to protect the fertilised egg from infection.

34. Body Temp Changes At ovulation, the body temp rises by about 0.5oC.
It remains at this high level during the luteal phase.

35. Fertility
Men are continuously fertile due to a steady quantity of testosterone production.
Women have cyclical fertility and are only fertile 3/4days following ovulation.