1. Essentials of Understanding Psychology
9th Edition
By Robert Feldman
Azhar Ali Shah

2. Chapter 10: Personality
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3. MODULE 31: Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
How do psychologists define and use the concept of personality?
What do the theories of Freud and his successors tell us about the structure and development of personality?
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4. MODULE 31: Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
Based on the idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control .
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5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious
Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, and drives of which one is not aware
Motivates much of our behavior
Preconscious
Holds material easily brought to mind e.g. WHAT IS YOUR NAME?
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6. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego Id
Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality
Sex, hunger, aggression and irritation
Holds primitive drives
Pleasure principle
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7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego
Ego
Strives to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world
It makes decisions, control actions, solving problems and allow thinking
Reality principle
It is also called "Executive” of personality
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8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego
Superego
Represents the rights and the wrongs of society as taught and modeled by one’s parents, teachers, and other significant individuals
Includes the conscience which enables us to prevent the improper behavior by making us guilty.
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9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages
Individuals encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual desires.
Failure to resolve conflicts at any stage can result in fixation
12-18 months baby (sucking, eating)
12 months – 3 years baby (get toilet training) etc.
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10. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages
Oral stage ( birth to 1 year)
Baby’s mouth is focal point of pleasure
Weaning (sucking the mother breast with power) is main conflict
Fixation could include:
Eating
Talking
Smoking
Other oral interests
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11. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages
Anal stage (12-18 to 3 years)
Major source of development is the digestive system
Children get growth in both retention and expulsion of feces
Fixation may result in:
Rigidity: they can do patient.
Orderliness (expectation)
Punctuality: they ask the things at right time e.g. hunger
Sloppiness: they can sustain their feces.
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12. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages
Phallic stage (3-6 years)
Oedipal conflict
At this stage the male take interest in opposite sex therefore they take interest in mother, even they hate their father.
Identification : wanting to be like another person as much as possible
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13. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages
Latency period (5-6year)
Lasts until puberty (sexual mature)
Sexual interests become dormant it reemerge during adult again.
Genital stage (adult)
This process is permanent and it Extends until death
Focus is on mature, adult sexuality (sexual intercourse)
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14. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others
Repression: we put unacceptable and unpleasant Id impulse back into our unconscious e.g. patience.
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15. The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud
Jung’s Collective Unconscious
Common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our relatives, the whole human race, and even nonhuman animal ancestors from the distant past
Archetypes
Universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience
He paid greater attention to the effects of society and culture on personality development.
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16. MODULE 32: Trait, Learning, Biological, Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality
What are the major aspects of trait, learning, biological and evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality?
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17. Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality
Trait Theory
Seeks to explain, in a straightforward way, the consistencies in individuals’ behavior
Traits
Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations
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18. Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality
Allport’s Trait Theory: Identifying Basic Characteristics
Cardinal trait
Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities
Central trait
Major characteristics of an individual e.g. honesty & sociability.
Secondary trait
Affect behavior in fewer situations e.g. hesitation in eating meat.
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19. Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality
Cattell and Eysenck: Factoring Out Personality
Factor analysis
Statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns
Factors
Combinations of traits
Cattell:
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
Eysenck:
3 major dimensions:
Extraversion, neuroticism(sociability), and psychoticism (twist from reality)
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20. Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality
The Big Five Personality Traits
Openness to experience (imaginative / practical)
Conscientiousness (careful / careless, disciplined/impulsive, etc )
Extraversion ( talkative / quiet, sociable / retiring)
Agreeableness (kind /cold, appreciative / unfriendly)
Neuroticism (stable / tense, calm /anxious)
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Figure 2 of Module 32

21. Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned
B. F. Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach
States that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns
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22. Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned
How much consistency exists in personality?
Walter Mischel
Personality is variable from one situation to another
Situationism
Cognitive-affective processing system theory (CAPS)
People’s thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view, and then react, in situations
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23. Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned
Self-esteem
The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations
Relationship harmony
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24. Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality?
Suggest that important components of personality are inherited
Temperament
Innate disposition
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25. Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You
Emphasize people’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move towards higher levels of functioning
Carl Rogers
Self-actualization
Self-concepts
Unconditional positive regard
Conditional positive regard
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26. MODULE 33: Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive
How can we most accurately assess personality?
What are the major types of personality measures?
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27. Psychological Tests
Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively
Reliability
The measurement consistency of a test
Validity
When a test measures what it is designed to measure
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28. Self-Report Measures of Personality
Asks people about a relatively small sample of their behavior
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 (MMPI-2)
Test standardization
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29. Projective Measures Projective Personality Tests Rorschach test
People are shown ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it
Rorschach test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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30. Behavioral Assessment
Direct measures of an individual’s behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality
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